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. 2024 Feb 25;20(5):1778–1795. doi: 10.7150/ijbs.92897

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Figure A — (Summary Figure). The structural organization of the skin and the compositions of exosomes. (A) Skin is composed of epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The epidermis consists of keratinocytes, along with melanocytes and Langerhans cells. The dermis contains fibroblasts, which produce collagen and elastin fibers comprising extracellular matrix, that provide strength and elasticity to the skin. The dermis also contains blood vessels and nerve endings. The hypodermis is composed of adipocytes, mesenchymal stem cells, and blood vessels. (B) The source of exosomes involved in the regulation of skin function mainly include skin cells (keratinocytes, fibroblasts, melanocytes, and endothelial cells), immune cells (T cells, neutrophils, and macrophages), stem cells (ADSCs, BMSCs, hucMSCs, iPSCs, and EPSCs) and blood. Besides, exosomes display similar biomarkers, including tetraspanins (CD81, CD82, CD9), heat shock proteins (HSP70, HSP90), biogenesis-related proteins (ALIX, TSG101), and major histocompatibility complex (MHC-I and MHC-II). Additionally, exosomes enrich in multiple bioactive cargoes, mainly proteins, lipids, and nucleic acid, including DNA, mRNA, miRNA, lncRNA, and circRNA.