Table 1.

The mechanisms of exosomes in vitiligo pathogenesis

Exosome Source	Model	Mechanism	Ref.
Blood of segmental vitiligo patients	Human primary keratinocytes and melanocytes	MiR-493-3p-overexpressing keratinocyte induced melanocyte apoptosis and decreased melanin synthesis through miR-493-3p/HNRNPU/COMT/dopamine axis	(46)
Peripheral blood of vitiligo patients	Human melanocytes cell	Circulating exosomes inhibited melanin content, tyrosinase activity, and melanogenesis-related protein expression via transferring miR-21-5p and inhibiting SATB1 expression	(47)
Serum of progressive vitiligo patients	Progressive vitiligo patients	Hsa-miR-487b-3p was significantly lower and positively correlated with the area of lesions	(14)
Keratinocytes in vitiligo lesions	NHEM	MiR‐200c up-regulated the expression of melanogenesis‐related genes via inhibiting SOX1 and activating β‐catenin	(48)