Table 3.

The mechanism of gene-modified MSC-exos in diabetic wound healing

Gene Modification	Exosome Source	Model	Mechanism	Ref.
MiR-132 overexpressing	ADSCs	Backside full-thickness skin wounds and random skin flaps in STZ-induced diabetic mice	Promoted angiogenesis and M2-macrophages polarization via inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway	(99)
Linc00511 overexpressing		Rat DFU models	Accelerated angiogenesis via up-regulating PAQR3 expression and suppressing Twist1 ubiquitin degradation	(100)
Mmu_circ_0000250 overexpressing		Backside full-thickness skin wounds in STZ-induced diabetic mice	Activated autophagy and promoted angiogenesis of EPCs via inhibiting miR-128-3p to up-regulating SIRT1 axis	(104)
Mmu_circ_0001052 overexpressing		Mouse DFU models	Promoted angiogenesis via miR-106a-5p/FGF4/p38MAPK axis	(105)
Circ-Astn1 overexpressing		Backside full-thickness skin wounds in STZ-induced diabetic mice	Suppressed apoptosis and improved angiogenesis via miR-138-5p/SIRT1/FOXO1 axis	(106)
Nrf2 overexpressing		Rat DFU models	Improved glucose-induced EPC senescence and inhibited ROS production and inflammatory cytokine expression	(109)
LncRNA KLF3-AS1 overexpressing	BMSCs	Backside full-thickness skin wounds in STZ-induced diabetic mice	Stimulated angiogenesis via reversing miR-383-mediated VEGFA inhibition	(101)
HOTAIR overexpressing		Backside full-thickness skin wounds in db/db mice	Enhanced angiogenesis via up-regulating VEGF	(102)
LncRNA H19 overexpressing		Mouse DFU models	Inhibited the apoptosis and inflammation of fibroblasts via sponging miR-152-3p and activating PTEN expression to reduce AKT phosphorylation	(103)
Circ-ITCH overexpressing		Mouse DFU models	Inhibited ferroptosis and improved angiogenesis by recruiting TAF15 and activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway	(108)
CircHIPK3 overexpressing	HucMSCs	Mouse DFU models	Promoted angiogenesis via inhibiting miR-20b-5p to activate Nrf2 and VEGFA expression	(107)