Table 3.

List of Medicinal Plants Used to Treat Human and Livestock Diseases in Kofale District

Species Name	Family Name	Local Name	Habit	Part used	Disease Name Treated	Use	Mode of Preparation	Administration Route	Use citation	Voucher Number	Ailment Managed Elsewhere in Ethiopia
Achyranthes sp.	Amaranthaceae	Qadara	Cl	Wh	Aspiration	Hu/Ls	Crushed with teeth	Nostrils	12	GN-120	Wound infections,38 skin diseases39
Acmella caulirhiza Delile	Asteraceae	Caanga	H	Wh	Headache	Hu	Crushed and squeezed	Nostril	14	GN-52	Cancer-like symptoms,39,40 toothache41
Adiantum sp.	Adiantaceae	Laaftuu	H	L	Wound		Crushed & squeezed	Topical	5	GN-72	Wound treatment42
Agarista salicifolia (Comm.e.x. Lam.) Hook	Ericaceae	Sotra	T	Ba	Bone TB	Hu	Fresh bark is crushed and extract is applied	Dermal	33	GN-59	Abdominal pain24
Albizia gummifera (J.F.Gmel.) C.A.Sm.	Fabaceae	Qarcacee	T	Ba	Aspiration	Hu	Fresh bark is crushed and chewed	Oral	34	GN-16	Anthrax28
Albizia schimperiana Oliv.	Fabaceae	Sisaa	T	L/R	Liver disorder	Hu	Crush leaves and roots and mix them with water	Oral	21	GN-43	Trypanosomiasis,43 helminthic infection,44 microbial infection,45 microbial infection46
					Cough	Ls	Fresh leaf is crushed and pounded	Oral	49
					Hemorrhoids		Decoction	Topical	16
Aloe sp.	Aloaceae	Hargisa	H	La	Hepatitis	Hu	Crushing the latex	Oral	18	GN-127	Wounds and skin complaints, malaria, microbial infections, and complaints of the digestive system,47 malaria48
				L	Hemorrhoids	Hu	Crushing and squeezing	Anal	260
				L	Abdominal pain	Hu	Crushing and squeezing	Oral	80
				La	Dermatphilosisis, hair loss	Hu	Creaming	Topical	78
				L	Blood pressure	Hu	Crushing	Oral	103
				La	Eye ache	LS	Squeezing	Topical	4
Amaranthus dubius Mart ex Thell.	Amaranthaceae	Raafu qinxa	H	L	Anorexia	Hu	Fresh leaves are boiled	Oral	8	GN-33	Diarrhea49
				L	Cancer	H	Crushed & squeezed	Oral	52
				R	HIV-AIDS	H	Crush & mix juice produced with honey	Oral	1
Anethum graveolens L.	Apiaceae	Goomana	H	L	Constipation	Hu/LS	Fresh leaves are crushed and boiled	Oral	23	GN-171	Stomachache50
Apodytes dimidiata E.Mey. ex Arn.	Icacinaceae	Odda badaa	T	Ba	Stomachache	Hu	Decoction	Oral	23	GN-66	Stomachache, cough,28; child diarrheal disease, cholera, general health problem (low weight and compromised immunity of infants24
				Ba	Internal parasite infection	LS	Crushed & mixed with water	Oral	9
Arundinaria alpina K. Schum	Poaceae	Leman	Sh	Sh	Hemorrhoid, diarrhea	Hu	Leaves are pounded and squeezed and mixed with water	Oral	12	GN-48	Neck tumour23
Asparagus africanus Lam.	Asparagaceae	Sariiti	H	L	Breast cancer	Hu	Crush leaves and add honey	Oral	59	GN-2	Malaria,51 erectile dysfunction,52 malaria53
				R	Anthrax	Ls	Crush fresh root and mix it with water	Oral	6
					Blackleg				5
Bersama abyssinica Fresen.	Melianthaceae	Koraqa	Sh	L L L Ba	Intestinal parasite Stomach ache, diarrhea Equine glanders Elephantiasis, itching	Hu Hu Ls Hu	Crush pounded and mix it with water Crush pounded and mix it with water Crush pounded and mix it with water Pounded and boiled	Oral Oral Oral Dermal	90 95 44 115	GN-1	HIV-AIDS,54 diabetics,55,56 diarrhea57
Brucea antidysenterica J.F. Mill	Simaroubaceae	Ciironta	Sh	L	Eczema	Hu	Crush pounded and mix it with water	Oral	69	GN-6	Diarrhea,58 leishmaniasis59
				Sd	Amoeba/diarrhea	Hu	Dry, grind and mix it with water	Oral	53
Caesalpinia decapetala (Roth) Alston		Gorxa	La	L	Dermatophilosis	Hu	Fresh leaves are smashed, pounded and mixed with water	Oral	3	GN-35	Spiritual use,59 Tonsillitis60
Calpurnia aurea (Aiton) Benth	Fabaceae	Ceekata	Sh	L	Tick infestation	Ls	Pounding and squeezing	Dermal	87	GN-143	Malaria,61 snake poisoning,62 livestock external parasites63
				L	Rabies	Hu/Ls	Fresh leaves are crushed and squeezed	Oral	21
				L	Liver disorders	Hu	Dried & ground and mix it with water	Oral	76
Carica papaya L.	Caricaceae	Papaya	Sh	Fr	Anemia	Hu	Crushed & squeezed	Oral	7	GN-174	Malaria,64
Carissa spinarum L.	Apocynaceae	Agamsa	Sh	Ba	Tumour	Hu	Fresh bark is crushed and squeezed	Oral	17	GN-23	Evil eye,65,66 gonorrhea,67 bacterial infection,68 spiritual illness,59 accumulation of fluid in the body69
				R	Cancer	Hu	Root is crushed together with root of Euclea schimperi, pounded and boiled	Oral & dermal	77
				R	Wound	Hu	Fresh bark is crushed and mixed with butter	Topical	22
Casimiroa edulis La Llave	Solanaceae	Koshimi	SH	R	Evil eye	Hu	Pounded & decocted for steam bath	Topical	3	GN-107	Cancer70
Catha edulis (Vahl) Forssk. Ex Endl.	Celastraceae	Caatii	H	L	Stomachache	Hu	Chewed	Oral	4	GN-108	Jaundice,71 stomachache72
Clematis hirsuta Perr. and Guill.	Ranunculaceae	Fiitii	La	L	Bone cancer Wound	Hu Hu	Pounded	Politice	43 32	GN-76	Blackleg,73 respiratory tract problem and cataract74
Clerodendrum myricoides (Hochst.) R. Br. ex Vatke	Verbenaceae	Marachisa	T	Fr	Oedema	Hu	Dried & ground	Oral	18	GN-4	Rheumatism, evil eye71
				L	Wound	Hu/Ls	Fresh leaves are crushed and mixed with water	Dermal	16
Coffee arabica L.	Rubiaceae	Buna	Sh	Fr	Diarrhea	Hu	Dried, ground and mixed with water	Oral	13	GN-178	Diarrhea75
Cordia africana Lam.	Borginaceae	Wodeessa	T	Ba	Cancer	Hu	Crushed while fresh and mixed with water	Oral	13	GN-	Pain, inflammation, microbial and viral infections, and fertility problem76
Croton macrostachyus Hochst. ex Delile	Euphorbiaceae	Makanisa	T	Ba	Tumour	Hu	Bark is dried and ground	Topical	55	GN-25	Malaria, abdominal pain, gonorrhea, wounds, ringworm infestation, hemorrhoids, ascariasis, venereal diseases, cough and rheumatism,77 malaria65
Cynoglossum lanceolatum Forssk.	Borginaceae	Maxxanne	H	Wh	Febrile illnesses	Hu	Crushed & boiled	Oral	2	GN-98	Fever,78 hemorrhoids79
Datura stramonium L.	Solanaceae	Banji	H	Sd	Rabies	Hu	Seeds are roasted, ground and mixed with water	Oral	76	GN-9	Bacterial infection,80 skin infections,81 head fungal infection,82 toothache,41 dermatological diseases61
				Sd	Head ache	Hu	Seeds are roasted	Nostril	13
Discopodium penninervum Hochst.	Solanacae	Maraaro	Sh	L	Pasteurollosis	Ls	Its leaves are crushed with leaves of Kalanchoe petitiana and mixed with water	Oral	7	GN-29	Malaria, hemorrhoids, and anthrax in livestock28
Dodonaea viscosa subsp. angustifolia (L.f.) J.G. West	Sapindaceae	Ittacha	Sh	L	Herpes zoster	Hu	Crushed & squeezed	Dermal	16	GN-15	Malaria,83 diarrhea, ulcer, microbial infection, diabetics, HIV-AIDS54
					Dermatochalasis	Hu	Crushing, pounding and powdering	Dermal	27
					Wound	Hu	Decoction	Body shower	42
Dovalis abyssinica (A.Rich.)Warb.	Flacourtiaceae	Dhangago	Sh	Fr	Jaundice	Hu	Its fruits are mixed with root of Stephania abyssinica, crushed and mixed with water	Oral	22	GN-44	Ascariasis84
Drynaria volkensii Hieron.	Polypodiaceae	Kokoso	Sh	L	Tumour	Hu	Chewed & swallowed	Oral	2	GN-71	Tooth ache41
Echinops angustilobus S. Moore	Asteraceae	Anshokala	H	R	Evil eye	Hu	Dried, and ground	Nostrils	5	GN-153	Bloating28
Ekebergia capensis Sparrm	Miliaceae	Onoonuu	T	Ba	Babesiosis	Ls	Fresh bark is crushed and mixed with water	Oral	73	GN-55	TB,28 weight loss in children, stabbing pain, bovine TB85
Embelia schimperi Vatke	Myrsinaceae	Qaanqu	Sh	Fr	Tapeworm	Hu	Grind the dried fruit by mixing with Hagenia abyssinica dried flower	Oral	197	GN-73	Helminthic infection,86 gastro-intestinal diseases in animals,87 helminthic infection88
Englerina woodfordioides (Schweinf.) M Gilbert	Loranthaceae	Mukure	Epi	Wh	Liver disorders	Hu	Crushed & boiled	Oral	19	GN-36	Earaches71
Ensete ventricosum (Welw.) Cheesman	Musaceae	Worqe	Sh	L	Stomachache	Hu	Leaf petiole is crushed and fermented for weeks	Oral	3	GN-177	Abdominal pain89
Entada abyssinica Steud. Ex A. Rich	Fabaceae	Bobanqa	T	L	Skin diseases	Hu	Crushed, pounded and mixed with water	Dermal	62	GN-86	Convulsion90
Erica sp.	Ericaceae	Sato	Sh	L	Stomachache	LS	Fresh leaf is crushed and mixed with water	Oral	11	GN- 60	Indigestion and bloating24
Erythrina abyssinica Lam. ex DC.	Fabaceae	Woleena	Sh	Sh	Pasteurollosis	Ls	Fresh shoot is crushed and squeezed	Oral	14	GN-5	Snakebites, malaria, sexual transmittable diseases such as syphilis and gonorrhoea, amoebiasis, cough, liver inflammation, stomachache, colic, measles, burns, ulcers and swellings,91 evil eye92
				L	Eye ache	LS	Crushed and squeezed	Topical	33
Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.	Myrtaceae	Bergamo diima	Sh	Ba	Febrile illness	Hu	Fresh part is crushed and squeezed	Topical	8	GN-169	Bacterial infection93
Eucalyptus globulus Labill.	Myrtaceae	Bargamo adii	T	L	Stomachache	Hu	Crushed & chewed	Oral		GN-162	Stomachache,94 influenza,95 bacterial infection,96 respiratory tract infections,97 malaria57
Euclea schimperi (A.DC) Dandy	Ebenaceae	Mi’eesa	T	RB	Hemorrhoids	Hu	Its root bark and seeds of Solanum anguivi are dried, ground and mixed with butter Dried, pounded and mixed with butter	Topical	15	GN-87	Wound, teeth infections, eye disorders, head ache, pain, spasm98
					Dermatophilosis	Hu	Fresh leaf is crushed and mixed with water	Topical	131
				L	Stomach ache	Hu		Oral	50
Euphorbia schimperiana Scheele	Euphorbiaceae	Guurii	H	Sp St	Gonorrhea Hemorrhoid	Hu HU	Crushed & decocted Crushing & pounding	Dermal Anal	73 95	GN-6	Proliferative activity,99 cancer,39 anthrax in livestock73
Euphorbia tirucalli L.	Euphorbiaceae	Aananoo	Sh	La	Body swelling, gonorrhea	Hu	Crushed and squeezed	Dermal	89	GN-100	Bacterial infection of urinary tract,100 urogenital disease,101 Stomachache28
Ficus sycomorus L.	Moraceae	Qiltu	T	Ba	Diarrhea	Hu	Fresh bark is crushed and squeezed	Oral	19	GN-104	Nausea and vomiting,49 ascariasis102
Galiniera saxifraga (Hochst.) Bridson	Rubiaceae	Koralla	Sh	Ba Ba Ba Ba	Babesiosis Liver disorders Jaundice Stomach ache	LS Hu Hu Hu	Crushed squeezed and mixed with water Fresh leaf is crushed and swallowed Fresh root is chewed and swallowed Decoction	Oral Oral Oral	14 73 31 63	GN-15	Anthrax28
Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce) J.F. Gmel.	Rosaceae	Heexo	T	Fr	Tapeworm	Hu	Crush its dried flower with bark of Croton macrostachyus and fruit of Embelia schimperi	Oral	76	GN-91	Helminthic infections82
Halleria lucida L	Scrophulariaceae	Muka dadhi	T	L	Body swelling	Hu	Decoction	Topical	16	GN-54	Evil eye and kidney problem103
Hypericum quartinianum A.Rich.	Hypericaceae	Garamba	Sh	L	Hepatitis	Hu	Its leaves and that of Junipers procera are crushed together and boiled	Oral	85	GN-	Stomachache for livestock104
Ilex mitis (L.) Radlk	Rubiaceae	Amshiqa	T	Ba	Hemorrhoids	Hu	Fresh bark is crushed and boiled in water	Oral	98	GN-161	Rheumatism71
Juniperus procera Hochst.ex. Endl.	Cuperssaceae	Hidhesa ummama	T	Ba	Diarrhea	Hu	Fresh bark is crushed and squeezed and mixed with water	Oral	35	GN-14	Stomachache105
Justicia schimperiana (Hochst. ex Nees) T. Anderson	Acanthaceae	Dhumuuga	Sh	Sh	Hepatitis	Hu	Fresh shoot is pounded to make juice	Oral	235	GN-7	Diabetes mellitus106
Kalanchoe petitiana A. Rich	Rassulaceae	Hancuura	H	L L L L L	Tonsillitis Bone fracture GIT disorders Pasteurellosis Anthrax	Hu Hu Ls	Crushed while fresh and squeezed Boiled while fresh Fresh leaf is chewed Crushed together with leaf of Disco podium penninervum	Oral Dressing Oral Oral	15 71 13 11 5	GN-18	Evil eye, fractured bones and skin disorders,107 tissue proliferation,39 metacarpal bone fracture in livestock,91,108 anthrax28
Lagneria sp.	Cucurbitaceae	Buqe arba	Sh	St	Hepatitis	Hu	Crushed & sap produced is collected	Oral	87	GN-66	Gonorrhea,16 cancer109
Lippia adoensis Hochst.	Verbenaceae	Sukayi	H	L	Stomachache	HU	Crushed & chewed	Oral	22	GN-37	Severe headache,25 pain,110 harm on body by free radicals,111 fungal infection,112 repelling Anopheles arabiensis and Aedes aegypti,113 bacterial and fungal infection,114 stomach pain71
Maesa Lanceolata Forssk.	Myrsinaceae	Abbayii	T	Ba Ba	Liver disorders Dermatophilosis	Hu Hu/Ls	Its bark is mixed with leaves of Discopodium penninervum and boiled Dried & boiled	Oral Dermal	97 62	GN-142	Mastitis,28 malaria,115 ovicidal and larvicidal activity,116 Snakebites81
Mangifera indica L.	Anacardiaceae	Mango	Sh	Fr	Blood pressure	Hu	Squeezed	Oral	4	GN-110	Harm on body by free radicals117
Maytenus addat (Looes.) Sebsebe	Celastraceae	Kombolcha	Sh	Ba	Diarrhea	Hu	Fresh bark is crushed and mixed with water	Oral	10	GN-53	Parasites infections28
Millettia ferruginea (Hochst.) Bak.	Fabaceae	Dhadhatu	T	Fr	Leech infestation	Ls	Crushed & pounded	Nostril	72	GN-90	‘Mujele’ (infection caused by an insect present in the soil)118
Moringa stenopetala (Bak.f.) Cuf.	Moringaceae	Shifera	Sh	L	Blood pressure	Hu	Crushed, dried and ground	Oral	44	GN-126	Anthrax28
Myrsine melanophlous (L.) R.Br.	Myrsinaceae	Tuula	Sh	L Ba	Child emaciation Stomachache	Hu Hu	Fresh leaf is pounded and boiled Decoction	Oral & body shower Oral	57 69	GN-41	Stomach problem28
Nicotiana tabacum L.	Solanaceae	Tambo	H	R L	Leech infestation Tooth ache	Hu/Ls HU	Chewed & spit into the mouth of the sick animal Dried & powdered	Oral Topical	48 14	GN-176	Leech repulsion78
Nuxia congesta R. Br. ex Fresen.	Loganiaceae	Bixana			Anthrax	Ls	Crushed, squeezed and mixed with water	Oral	11	GN-47	Malaria,119 calf pneumonia,120 anthrax28
Ocimum gratissimum L	Lamiaceae	Cabbicha	H	L	Rheumatism, headache, eye disease, allergic reaction	Hu	Crushed & squeezed	Oral & nostril	31	GN-80	Skin infections121
Oenanthe palustris (Chiov.) Norman	Apiaceae	Goonde	H	L	Bone cancer	Hu/ Ls	Fresh leaves are crushed	Topical	13	GN-42	Tooth ache41
Olinia rochetiana A. Juss.	Oliniaceae	Gunaa	T	L	Bone TB Diarrhea	Hu Hu	Fresh leaf is crushed and macerated with water Fresh leaf is crushed and macerated with water	Dermal Oral	79 133	GN-17	Stabbing pain,73 colds and chest related condition122
Physalis peruviana L.	Solanaceae	Mujulo	H	Wh	Indigestion	Hu	Crushed & boiled in water	Oral	3	GN-111	Medicinal value95
Phytolacca dodecandra L’Her.	Phytolaccaceae	Handoode	H	L L R	Jaundice External parasite, dermatophilosis Rabies	Hu LS Hu/LS	Fresh leaves are crushed and juice diluted in water Fresh leaf is crushed Fresh root is crushed and mixed with water	Oral Dermal Oral	8 64 92	GN-93	Molluscicidal properties,123 used for abortion118
Pittosporum abyssinicum Del.	Pittosporaceae	Aaraa	T	L Ba	Cancer Blackleg	Hu	Fresh leaves are crushed and mixed with water Crushed & mixed with water	Oral Oral	22 6	GN-50	Coughing, Pneumonia, TB, and Abdominal pain,24 cancer,124 intestinal problems, internal parasites, urine problems, diarrhea, swelling of gland, ascariasis, diarrhea, and vomiting125
Podocarpus falcatus (Thunb.) R.B. ex Mirb.	Podocarpaceae	Birbirsa	T	L	Epilepsy Cancer	Hu Hu	Its leaves together with leaves of Carissa spinarum are crushed and boiled Fresh leaves are crushed and boiled in water	Oral Oral	50 17	GN-8	Wound of both human and livestock126
Polycarpon tetraphyllum (L.) L.	Caryophyllaceae	Laalessa	CL	R	Toothache	Hu	Crushed & kept between teeth	Topical	4	GN-172	Lung diseases and menstrual problem71
Prunus africana (Hook.f.) Kalkman	Rosaceae	Sukee	T	L Sh Ba	GIT cancer Stomachache Skin diseases, wound	Hu Hu/Ls	Fresh leaves are boiled in water Crushed & squeezed	Oral Dermal	21 73 76	GN-27	Cancer, respiratory disorders, bad breath, diarrhea, gonorrhea, tuberculosis, and ear problems28
Psidium guajava L.	Myrtaceae	Zeeytuna	Sh	Sd	Hepatitis	Hu	Dried, powdered and mixed with water	Oral	7	GN-175	Damage on body by free radicals and bacterial infection127,128
Ranunculus multifidus Forssk.	Ranunculaceae	Siifa	H	L	Cancer	Hu	Fresh leaf is crushed and mixed with water	Oral	12	GN-51	Oedema129
Rhamnus prinoides L’Hér	Rhamnaceae	Geesho	H	Wh	Stomach ache	Ls	Pounded & mixed with water	Oral	6	GN-170	Tonsillitis71
Rhus tenuinervis Engl.	Anacardiaceae	Kolaassa	Sh	L	Cough	Hu/Ls	Dried, ground and boiled in water	Oral	3	GN-22	Stomach bloating in livestock28
Ricinus communis L.	Euphorbiaceae	Qoboo	Sh	Sd	Infertility	Hu/LS	Seeds are dried, powdered and boiled	Oral	44	GN-92	Erectile dysfunction,52 antimicrobial infection,130 coughing, constipation and swelling and anthrax94
Rosmarinus officinalis L.	Lamiaceae	Wodi fooni	H	L	Diabetes	Hu	Crushed & boiled	Oral	31	GN-99	Bacterial infection,110,131,132
Rubus steudneri Schweinf.	Rosaceae	Gora	La	L	Wound	Hu/LS	Dried & ground	Dermal	5	GN-40	Bacterial infection,87 damage on body by free radicals116
Rumex abyssinica Jacq.	Polygonaceae	Shoshira	Sh	L	Gonorrhea, diarrhea	Hu	Crushed, pounded and boiled	Oral	10	GN-74	Damage on body by free radicals and inflammation,133 diabetes mellitus134
Rumex nepalensis Spreng.	Polygonaceae	Shaabee	H	R	Hemorrhoids	Hu	Dried, ground and mixed with sugar	Oral	78	GN-9	Gastrointestinal infection,74 diarrhoea73
				L	Goiter	Hu	Crushed & mixed with water	Oral	10
					Diarrhea	LS	Fresh leaf crushed and mixed with water	Oral	77
Ruta chalepensis L	Rutaceae	Caarota	H	L	Stomachache, abdominal pain, gastritis	Hu	Crushed and chewed	Oral	6	GN-97	Stomachache28
Rytigynia neglecta (Hiem) Robyns	Rubiaceae	Gaaloo	Sh	R	Pneumonia	Hu	Fresh root is crushed and boiled in water	Oral	13	GN-20	TB135
Saliva nilotica Juss. ex Jacq.	Lamiaceae	Hulageb	H	L	Snakebites	Hu	Crushed, dried and mixed with butter	Dermal	27	GN-173	Skin diseases28
Schefflera abyssinica Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Harms	Araliaceae	Gatame	T	Ba	Tonsillitis	Hu	Inner part of the bark is chewed	Oral	13	GN-151	Anthrax28
Schefflera volkensii (Engl). Harms	Araliaceae	Anshaa	T	L	Anthrax	Ls	Its leaves are crushed with leaves of Hypericum quartinianum and mixed with water	Oral	28	GN-161	Head ache73
Sedum baleensis M. Gilbert	Crassulaceae	Buri	H	R	Eczema	Hu/LS	Fresh leaves are crushed	Dermal	4	GN-68	Eczema71
Senecio myriocephalus Sch. Bip. ex A. Rich.	Asteraceae	Agadena	T	R	Stomachache		Fresh root is crushed, squeezed and mixed with water	Oral	24	GN-163	Evil eye,118 herpes Zoster71
Sida schimperiana Hochst. ex A. Rich	Malvaceae	Kotte jabeesa	H	L	Evil eye	Hu	Leaf is dried and ground	Tie on the neck	12	GN-152	Prenatal abortion,67 microbial infection136
Solanecio gigas (Vatke) C. Jeffrey	Asteraceae	Taruura	Sh	Ba	Babesiosis	Hu/LS	Crushed & mixed with water	Oral	4	GN-172	Bacterial infection137
Solanum adoense Hochst ex. A.Rich.	Solanaceae	Hiddi oromoo	Sh	L	Nose bleed	Hu	Fresh leaves are smashed	Nostril	11	GN-10	Malaria138
Solanum anguivi Lam	Solanaceae	Xoshine	H	L	Blood pressure	Hu	Dried, ground and boiled	Oral	51	GN-65	Trypanosomiasis,139 diabetes and atherosclerosis140
Solanum benderianum Schimp. ex Engl.	Solanaceae	Galimo	T	R	Stomachache	Hu	Root is crushed, dried and boiled	Oral	3	GN-69	Hypertension141
Solanum benderianum Shimper ex Damme	Solanaceae	Galimo	CL	Ba	Stomachache	Hu	Dried, ground and boiled	Oral	3	GN- 69	Calf diarrhea142
Stephania abyssinica (Dillon & A. Rich.) Walp.	Menispermaceae	Kalaala	Cl	L	Jaundice	Hu	Leaf dried, ground and boiled in water	Oral	31	GN-11	Malaria,143 gastrointestinal diseases,144 external cancer91
Syzygium guineense (Willd.) DC.	Myrtaceae	Baddeesa	T	Ba	Kidney infection Diarrhea Tonsillitis	Hu Hu	Fresh leaf is crushed, squeezed and mixed with water Fresh leaf is chewed and ingested	Oral Oral	20 133 13	GN-62	Stomachache, diarrhea,28 hypertension,145 Malaria,100 cancer.146
Teclea nobilis Del.	Rutaceae	Hadhesa	Sh	L	Blackleg	Ls	Leaves are pounded and mixed with water	Oral	10	GN-30	Blackleg89
Toddalia asiatica (L) Lam.	Rutaceae	Gaawo	Sh	Fr	Stomach ache, wound	Hu/ Ls	Fruit is crushed, pounded and mixed with water	Oral	7	GN-28	External body swelling147
Urera hypselodendron (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Wedd.	Urticaceae	Haliila	CL	Ba	Internal parasite		Leaves are crushed and mixed with water	Oral	66	GN-31	Anthrax17
Urtica simensis Steudel.	Urticaceae	Doobii	H	L	Constipation & gastritis Bloat	Hu Ls	Leaves are washed and boiled in water Leaves are washed and boiled in water	Oral	35 16	GN-95	Damage on body by free radicals,92 stomach ulcer,144 wound,148 malaria149
Verbascum sinaiticum Benth.	Scrophulariaceae	Gurra harree	Sh	L	Hepatitis	Hu	Fresh/dry leaves are crushed and mixed in water	Oral	8	GN-	Hepatitis,150 blood pressure151
Vernonia amygdalina Del.	Asteraceae	Ebicha	Sh	Ba L L L	Bone TB Skin diseases Diarrhea Goiter	Hu Hu Hu/Ls Hu	Fresh root is crushed and mixed with honey Decoction Decoction Fresh leaf is crushed and squeezed	Oral Dermal Oral Oral	7 81 84 15	GN-12	Malaria152
Vernonia auriculifera Hiern	Asteraceae	Reejii	Sh	L	Bloat	Ls	Leaves are crushed and macerated in water	Oral	16	GN-13	Wound,153 bacterial infection,154 pain and inflammation, wound155
Vernonia sp.	Asteraceae	Kalaqicha	Sh	L	Diarrhea	Hu	Crushed & squeezed	Oral	7	GN-70	Mlaria64
				St	Ringworm	Hu	Stem is crushed	Dermal	12
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal	Solanaceae	Baala ajo	Sh	L/R	Evil eye	Hu	Dried, ground and mixed with water	Oral & nostril	78	GN-84	Trypanosomiasis,156 evil eye,157 enteric bacteria infection83
				L	Diarrhea		Leaf is crushed and squeezed	Oral	65

Abbreviations: T, tree, Sh, shrub, H, herb, Fr, fruit, Sa, sap, La, liana, Cl, climbers, ep, epiphyte, Hu, human, Ls, livestock, Hu/Ls, human and livestock, L, leaf, Ba, bark, R, root, Se, seed, St, stem, Wh, whole plant, Sh, shoot, Lt, latex, L/R, leaf and root, GIT, gastro-intestinal tract, TB, tuberculosis.