Fig 2.

Giemsa staining showing the cytoplasm-to-nuclear ratio, highlighting the emergence of binucleated giant macrophages in S. anginosus infection/light microscopy images of RAW 264.7 (40×) incubated with LPS, S. anginosus, and S. mitis for 3 h revealed that S. anginosus infection exhibited distinct macrophage phenotype (A) with increased size like Giant cells, more prominent cytoplasm, and some of the nuclei are binucleated (black arrow). The peripheral position of nuclei (red arrow) is also observed in S. anginosus-infected macrophages. (B) Cell size quantification using NIS-Elements image analysis software. The nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio of activated macrophages is smaller due to expanded cytoplasm. The data in the graph are presented as mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05 and ***P < 0.0001 compared with untreated RAW 264.7 cells (n = 3).