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. 2024 Feb 19;6(6):1611–1642. doi: 10.1039/d3na00903c

Biosynthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using plants.

Name of the plant Biomaterial used Iron precursor used Size Shape Application Ref.
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Dried petals Ferric chloride (25 mM) and ferrous chloride (25 mM) (2 : 1) 65 nm Spinel Biscuit fortification 117
Carica papaya Dried leaves FeCl3·6H2O (0.1 M), NaOH (1 M) 2.159 nm Not uniform (agglomerated particles) Antibacterial 118
Psidium guajava Leaves FeCl3·6H2O 1–5 nm Spherical Antibacterial 119
Citrus Fresh leaves Iron chloride (0.1 mM) 15–80 nm Spherical Antibacterial 120
Malus pumila (apple) Peels FeCl2·4H2O (20 mM), FeCl3.6 H2O (40 mM), NaOH (1 M) 50–100 nm Elliptical and spherical Decolorization of dye 121
Citrus paradisi Peels FeCl3·6H2O (6 mM) 28–32 nm Spherical Antioxidant 122
Syzygium cumini Leaves FeCl3 (0.010 mol L−1) 40–52 nm Spherical Antibacterial, antifungal, aflatoxin B1 adsorption 123
Juglans regia Dried green husk FeCl3·6H2O (97%), FeCl2·4H2O (99%), NaOH (2 M) 12.6 nm Cubic Cytotoxic assay 124
Pyrus sinkiangensis Yu Peels FeSO4·7H2O (0.1 M) 10–90 nm Irregularly shaped Cr(iv) removal 125
Cymbopogon citratus Leaves FeCl3·6H2O (0.26 M), FeCl3·6H2O (0.52 M), Na2CO3 (0.75 M) 9 ± 4 nm Irregular cubic Nanotoxicological 126
Laurus nobilis Leaves FeCl3·6H2O (0.1 M) 8.03 ± 8.99 nm Spherical Antimicrobial 127
Hyphaene thebaica Fruits FeH12N2O12 (5 g) 5–10 nm Quasi-spherical and cuboidal Antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antiviral 128
Solanum lycopersicum Leaves FeSO4·5H2O (0.1 M) 200–800 nm Flower Antibacterial and anticancer 129
Lawsonia inermis Leaves FeSO4 (0.01 M) 2 μm Hexagonal Antimicrobial 130
Ficus carica Fruit (F2Cl3·6H2O) (100 mL) 11–29 nm Spherical Antimicrobial 131
Rhamnus Triquetra Leaves Ferric acetate (3 g) ∼21 nm Spherical Antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, antileishmanial, brine shrimp cytotoxicity 132
Trigonella foenumgraecum Leaves FeCl3 (1 M) 27.91–40.94 nm Grain Antibacterial 133
Tomato Fruits FeCl3 (1 M) 48.18–77.54 nm Semispherical Antibacterial 133
Grapes Fruits FeCl3 (16.2 g) 49–50 nm Cubic Antibacterial 134
Moringa oleifera Leaves FeCl3 (0.5 M) 15.01 ± 6.03 nm Rod-like Antibacterial 135
Withania coagulans Berries FeCl3·6H2O, FeCl2·4H2O (1 : 2 M) 16 ± 2–18 ± 2 nm Rods Photocatalytic degradation and antimicrobial 136
Citrullus colocynth Pulp FeCl3 (0.5 M) 12–45 nm Spherical Antimicrobial 137
Seed 6–15 nm
Durian rind Peels Ferrous sulfate (0.05 M) 10 nm Spherical Antibacterial 138
Borassus flabellifer Seed coat Ferric chloride (0.2 M), ferrous sulphate (0.1 M) (2 : 1) 30–200 nm Hexagonal Antimicrobial, antioxidant 139
Citrus sinensis Peels Ferric chloride (1 mM) 97.5 nm — Antibacterial 140
Thymbra spicata Leaves FeSO4·7H2O (0.1 M) 120.3–17 nm Spherical Antibacterial, antibiofilm, and antioxidant 141
93.9 nm
Cocos nucifera L. Pulps 0.502 g of FeCl3 90–95 nm Husked rice shape Antibacterial and anticancer 142
Euphorbia herita Leaves Ferrous sulfate (0.1 M), ferric chloride (0.1 M) 25–80 nm Cavity like Antimicrobial 143
Camellia sinensis L Grinded waste of pruned teas FeSO4·5H2O (0.1 M), NaOH (0.5 M) 28.5 nm Regular spherical Antioxidant 144
Gundelia tournefortii L Leaves FeCl3·6H2O (2 M), FeSO4·7H2O (1 M), NaOH (1 M) 29.9 nm Spherical Remove crystal violet, malachite green, and safranin dyes from prepared aqueous solutions 145
Aegle marmelos Leaves Ferric nitrate (90 mL) — Agglomerated Antimicrobial and antifungal 146
Alstonia scholaris Leaves FeCl2·4H2O (0.5 M) MgCl2·6H2O (0.5 M) 8.14–13.4 nm Cubic Antimicrobial, antioxidant and larvicidal 147
Polyalthia longifolia Leaves FeCl2·4H2O (0.5 M) MgCl2·6H2O (0.5 M) 8.14–13.4 nm Cubic Antimicrobial, antioxidant and larvicidal 147
Coffee Seed Fe2+ and Fe3+ (1 : 1) 23.2–37.5 nm Cubic Antibacterial 148
Brassica oleracea var. Capitata sub.var. rubra Peels Iron(iii) chloride (10 mM) 675 ± 25 nm Agglomerated Anticancer 149
Zingiber officinale Root Ferric chloride (0.1 M) 5.10 nm Nanocube Antimicrobial 150
Artemisia Leaves FeCl3 (0.01, 0.04, 0.07, and 0.1 M) 24.67–34.28 nm Cubical Antioxidant 151
Garcinia mangostana Peels FeCl3·6H2O and FeCl2·4H2O at a molar ratio of 2 : 1 13.42 ± 1.58 nm Spherical Anticancer 152
Chlorophytum comosum Leaves FeCl3·6H2O (0.1 M) <100 nm Spherical Methyl orange dye degradation and antimicrobial 153
Mikania mikrantha Leaves FeSO4·7H2O (5 mmol) and FeCl3 (10 mmol) 20.27 nm Rhomboidal Antimicrobial 154
Garlic Peels FeCl3 (1 M) 24–44 nm Irregular Degrade methylene blue dye 155
Onion Peels FeCl3 (1 M) 29–32 nm Nanofiber Degrade methylene blue dye 155
Ficus carica Leaves FeCl3·6H2O (0.01 M), NaOH (0.1 M) 43–57 nm Agglomerated and are multiform Antioxidant 156
Celosia argentea Leaves Ferric nitrate (0.1 M) 5–10 nm Spherical Antibiofilm, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and larvicidal activities 157
Plumeria obtusaobtuse Leaves Fe(C2H3O2)2 (3 mM) 50 nm Spheroidal Antimicrobial, antioxidant 104
Camellia sinensis Leaves FeCl3 (10 mM) 13 nm Cubical Antioxidant, antimicrobial 158
Persimmon Fruits FeCl3 (0.04 M), NaOH (1 M) 30–60 nm Spherical Antibacterial and anticancer 159
Punica granatum Peels FeCl3 (0.1 M) 17.8 ± 6.5 nm Cubical Enzyme mimicking peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase 160
Buddleja lindleyana Leaves Fe (SO4)3·6H2O (1 g), AgNO3 (0.1 g) 25 and 174 nm Triangular and spheroidal Antimicrobial 161
Hibiscus rosa sinensis Flowers FeCl2·4H2O (1 mM) 51 nm Tetragonal Antibacterial 162
Allium cepa Peel Ferric chloride (250 mL) 42.78 1 nm — Memory-enhancing agent 163
Centaurea alba Leaves FeCl3·H2O (0.001 M) 10–52 nm Spherical Anti-atherosclerotic and antioxidant 164
Peltophorum pterocarpum Leaves FeSO4·7H2O (0.1 M) 0.085 to 0.2 μm Irregular Photocatalytic and catalytic removal of organic pollutants 165
Psidium guajava Linn Leaves FeCl3 (1 M), NaOH (1 N) 80.3–99.1 nm Spherical Antimicrobial, antioxidant 166
Hylocereus undantus Fruits Ferric sulphate and ferrous sulphate (2 : 1) 10–15 nm Spherical — 167
Nigella sativa Seeds FeCl3 (1 M) and FeCl2 (2 M) 31.45 nm Spherical Antimicrobial 168
Mentha spicata Leaves FeCl3 (0.4 M) 21–82 nm Circular or rod Antimicrobial 169
Cassia auriculata Flowers FeCl3·6H2O (0.1 M) 15–35 nm Spherical Photocatalytic degradation and larvicidal effect 170
Melia azedarach Flowers Ferrous sulphate (20 mM), NaOH (0.1 M) 231.43 ± 5.21 nm Spherical Antimicrobial, antioxidant 171
Echinochloa frumentacea Grains Fe(NO3) (0.1 M) 20–40 nm Rectangular and triangular Pharmaceutical, agricultural, targeted drug delivery and biomedical applications 172
Pimenta dioica Leaves FeSO4 (0.1 M) 5–15 nm Spherical Anticancer 173
Banana Peels FeCl3·6H2O (2.16 g) 44–58 nm Cubic and agglomerated Nondestructive technique (NDT) applications 174
CH3COONa (6.56 g)
Amla Seeds FeCl3 (0.01 M) 4–5 nm Spherical Removal of toxic dyes 175
Centaurea solstitialis Leaves FeCl3 (0.1 M) — Spherical Antimicrobial activity and dye decolorization 176
Eucalyptus globulus Leaves Fe(NO3)3·9H2O (0.1 M) 2.34 ± 0.53 nm Spherical Removal of heavy metals from agricultural soil 177
Galega officinalis Leaves FeCl3·6H2O (40 mM), FeCl2·4H2O (20 mM) (2 : 1 M ratio) 41.9 ± 1.00 nm Spherical Toxicity assessment in plants and aquatic model organisms 178
Coriandrum sativum L. Leaves FeSO4 (0.01 mM) 163.5 nm Spherical — 179