Fig. 2. (a and b) UV-vis DRS spectra of V_S-MoS₂ and BiVO₄. The insets show the corresponding Tauc plots. (c) UPS spectra of V_S-MoS₂ and BiVO₄. (d) Energy band structures of V_S-MoS₂ and BiVO₄ (pH = 7). EPR signals of (e) DMPO–·O₂⁻ and (f) DMPO–·OH over V_S-MoS₂, BiVO₄, and BiVO₄/V_S-MoS₂ under illumination.