Table 1.
Summary of comparative studies included in meta-analysis.
| Author, year | Country | Type of study | Sample size | Range/mean of sample age | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Southeastern Asian Studies | |||||
| Matsuba T, 20054 | Laos | Case control | 221: 114 cases, 97 controls | N/A | Cigarette smoking: OR 6.12 (p < 0.05) Well as origin of drinking water: OR 1.93 (p < 0.05) |
| Lestari DA, 20195 | East Java, Indonesia | Case control | 81: 27 cases, 54 controls | N/A | Family history: OR 0.09 (0.03–0.27) Male gender: OR 1.60 (0.05–4.70) Calcium source consumption: OR 0.85 (0.18–3.85) |
| Santanapipatkul K, 20196 | Loei Province, Thailand | Case control | 161 cases, 170 controls | 54.5 ± 12.8 | Source of drinking water: • Boiled water: OR 0.18 (0.05–0.72) • Bottled water: OR 0.25 (0.13–0.50) • Rainy water: OR 3.32 (p < 0.001) |
| Perumal KJ, 20237 | Malaysia | Cross-sectional | 1087: 486 males, 601 females | ≥18 years old | Family history: OR 2.56 (1.14–5.56) Prefer salty food: 2.56 (1.37–4.76) |
| Southern Asian Studies | |||||
| Dongre, 20178 | Puducherry, India | Case-control | 210; 70 cases, 140 controls | N/A | Family history: OR 16.98 (3.02–95.25) Source of drinking water: Ground water OR 1.13 (0.61–2.09) compared to river water |
| Singh, 20239 | New Delhi, India | Cross-sectional | 60; 42 males, 18 females | N/A | Physicological stress: OR 2.98 (1.04–8.52) |
| Khan, 202210 | Rawalpindi, Pakistan | Cross-sectional | 143; 81 males, 62 females | Mean±SD: 16.34 ± 17.02 | Tap water as drinking water 56.64% |
| Eastern Asian Studies | |||||
| Jiang, 20173 | Beijing, China | Cross-sectional | 3.350; 1.091 males, 2.259 females | Mean±SD: 48.97 ± 17.02 | Male gender: OR 102.681 (1.062–9925.797) |
| Western Asian Studies | |||||
| Alblowi, 202211 | Jeddah and Riyadh, Saudi Arabia | Cross-sectional | 1031 participants | ≥18 years old | Daily consumption of black tea: OR 2.16 (1.42–3.29) Daily consumption of energy drink: OR 10.18 (4.0–25.92) |
| Moftakhar, 202212 | Iran | Cross-sectional | 1.663; 4.719 males, 5.944 females | Mean±SD: 52.15 ± 8.22 | Male gender: OR 1.1 (0.96–1.26) |
| Safdar, 202113 | Saudi Arabia | Cross-sectional | 580; 251 males, 329 females | Mean±SD 27.5 ± 1.8 | Age between 21 and 25 years, and older than 47 years old p < 0.005 |