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. 2024 Mar 11;46(1):2327495. doi: 10.1080/0886022X.2024.2327495

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© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The terms on which this article has been published allow the posting of the Accepted Manuscript in a repository by the author(s) or with their consent.

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Figure 4. — Quercetin mitigates high glucose-induced damage in renal tubular epithelial cells. (A) HK-2 cell viability across various glucose concentrations (5.5 mM, 17.5 mM, 30 mM, 45 mM and 60 mM) assessed via CCK-8 assay. (B) The mRNA expression levels of ACSL4, GPX4, and xCT in HK-2 cells after treatment with varying glucose concentrations in Figure 4A. (C) Viability of HK-2 cells in high-glucose (HG, 30 mM) and control (CON, 5.5 mM) conditions over different incubation time points (0, 12h, 24h, 48h, 72h) measured by CCK-8 assay. (D) The mRNA expression levels of ACSL4, GPX4, and xCT in HK-2 cells exposed to high-glucose (30 mM) and control (CON, 5.5 mM) conditions over different incubation time in Figure 4C. (E) CCK-8 assay determining HK-2 cell viability post-quercetin treatment at different doses (0, 5 μM, 15 μM, 25 μM, 50 μM). (F) Cell viability comparison among HK-2 cells groups via CCK-8 assay. The MDA (G) and GSH (H) levels in HK-2 cells groups quantified using biochemical assays. (I) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) used to observe mitochondrial ultrastructural changes in HK-2 cells (scale bar = 500 nm), with mitochondria indicated by red arrows. (J) Flow cytometry (FACS) quantification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in HK-2 cell groups. (K) The ROS expression level in Figure 4(J). CON: control HK-2 cells; HM: control HK-2 cells receiving mannitol treatment; CON + QCT: control HK-2 cells receiving quercetin treatment; HM: HG: HK-2 cells under high-glucose (HG); HG + QCT: HK-2 cells under HG incubation receiving quercetin treatment; HG + Fer-1: HK-2 cells under HG incubation receiving Fer-1 treatment. Data are mean ± SD. Significance levels are indicated as follows: ****p < 0.0001; ***p < 0.001; **p < 0.01; *p < 0.05, determined by one-way ANOVA.