Skip to main content
Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences logoLink to Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences
. 2023 Jun 28;48(6):837–845. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2023.220516

LRG-1在高血压肾损害小鼠中的表达及其意义

Expression of LRG-1 in mice with hypertensive renal damage and its significance

ZHANG Linlin 1,2, XIAO Xiangcheng 1, HU Xueling 1, WANG Wei 1, PENG Ling 1, TANG Rong 1,
Editor: 彭 敏宁
PMCID: PMC10930429  PMID: 37587068

Abstract

Objective

Long-term elevated blood pressure may lead to kidney damage, yet the pathogenesis of hypertensive kidney damage is still unclear. This study aims to explore the role and significance of leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein-1 (LRG-1) in hypertensive renal damage through detecting the levels of LRG-1 in the serum and kidney of mice with hypertensive renal damage and its relationship with related indexes.

Methods

C57BL/6 mice were used in this study and randomly divided into a control group, an angiotensin II (Ang II) group, and an Ang II+irbesartan group. The control group was gavaged with physiological saline. The Ang II group was pumped subcutaneously at a rate of 1.5 mg/(kg·d) for 28 days to establish the hypertensive renal damage model in mice, and then gavaged with equivalent physiological saline. The Ang II+irbesartan group used the same method to establish the hypertensive renal damage model, and then was gavaged with irbesartan. Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting were used to detect the expression of LRG-1 and fibrosis-related indicators (collagen I and fibronectin) in renal tissues. ELISA was used to evaluate the level of serum LRG-1 and inflammatory cytokines in mice. The urinary protein-creatinine ratio and renal function were determined, and correlation analysis was conducted.

Results

Compared with the control group, the levels of serum LRG-1, the expression of LRG-1 protein, collagen I, and fibronectin in kidney in the Ang II group were increased (all P<0.01). After treating with irbesartan, renal damage of hypertensive mice was alleviated, while the levels of LRG-1 in serum and kidney were decreased, and the expression of collagen I and fibronectin was down-regulated (all P<0.01). Correlation analysis showed that the level of serum LRG-1 was positively correlated with urinary protein-creatinine ratio, blood urea nitrogen, and blood creatinine level in hypertensive kidney damage mice. Serum level of LRG-1 was also positively correlated with serum inflammatory factors including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6.

Conclusion

Hypertensive renal damage mice display elevated expression of LRG-1 in serum and kidney, and irbesartan can reduce the expression of LRG-1 while alleviating renal damage. The level of serum LRG-1 is positively correlated with the degree of hypertensive renal damage, suggesting that it may participate in the occurrence and development of hypertensive renal damage.

Keywords: hypertensive renal damage, leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein-1, renal fibrosis, inflammation


高血压病是危害全球人类健康的常见心血管疾病,其控制欠佳可累及心、脑、肾等靶器官,甚至危及生命[1-2]。长期的血压升高可引起肾小动脉硬化、肾缺血缺氧,甚至造成肾小球硬化及肾间质纤维化[3]。高血压肾损害的发病机制复杂,既往的研究[4-5]主要集中于水钠潴留、交感神经兴奋、肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统(renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system,RAAS)激活、内皮活性物质作用失调、纤维化及免疫炎症等。然而,高血压肾损害的确切发病机制尚不清楚,故进一步研究其发病机制,探寻新的潜在治疗靶点,已成为高血压肾损害防治的迫切需要。

作为富亮氨酸重复序列(leucine-rich repeat,LRR)蛋白家族的重要成员,富含亮氨酸α-2糖蛋白-1(leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein-1,LRG-1)被认为是类风湿性关节炎、溃疡性结肠炎和哮喘等自身免疫性疾病的血清生物标志物,并参与肿瘤的进展,其可能成为自身免疫性疾病及肿瘤治疗的新靶点[6-8]。研究[9-11]显示LRG-1可能参与糖尿病肾病等肾脏疾病的发生、发展,但其在高血压肾损害中的作用尚不明确。本研究通过检测血管紧张素II(angiotensin II,Ang II)诱导的高血压肾损害小鼠血清LRG-1和肾组织中LRG-1、纤维化相关指标的表达水平,以及厄贝沙坦干预后的变化,分析LRG-1与相关临床指标之间的关系,旨在探讨LRG-1在高血压肾损害中的表达变化及作用,为其防治提供新的干预靶点。

1. 材料与方法

1.1. 材料

无特定病原体(specific pathogen free,SPF)级雄性C57BL/6(B6)小鼠,8~10周龄,由上海斯莱克实验动物有限责任公司提供。小鼠饲养于中南大学湘雅医学院动物学部,可于单独笼盒内进食及饮水,所有饲料及饮水均经消毒处理。适应性喂养1周后,按随机数字表法将小鼠分为3组(每组5只):对照组(生理盐水灌胃)、Ang II诱导的高血压模型组[Ang II组,通过微渗透泵(Alzet model 2004)将Ang II以1.5 mg/(kg·d)的速度持续皮下泵入28 d构建高血压肾损害的小鼠模型,然后用等量生理盐水灌胃]、Ang II+厄贝沙坦组[Ang II+IRB组,通过微渗透泵将Ang II以 1.5 mg/(kg·d)的速度持续皮下泵入28 d构建高血压肾损害的小鼠模型,然后用厄贝沙坦50 mg/(kg·d)灌胃]。

1.2. 方法

1.2.1. 标本采集

实验结束前1 d使用代谢笼收集小鼠的随机尿,按4 000 r/min的速度离心10 min,留取上清液置于-80 ℃冰箱保存。实验结束时每只小鼠腹膜内注射戊巴比妥麻醉后采血,用于后续的酶联免疫吸附试验(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)、血尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen,BUN)及血肌酐检测。予磷酸缓冲盐溶液(phosphate buffer saline,PBS)进行心脏灌注后,将一侧肾沿长轴切开,置于4%多聚甲醛溶液中,用于病理检测;另一侧肾予生理盐水冲洗后,置于离心管于液氮中保存,用于蛋白质印迹法检测。

1.2.2. 大鼠尾动脉压及尿蛋白检测

造模前1 d及实验期间每周通过无创小鼠尾动脉血压测量仪(ALC-NIBP,Alcott Biotech)检测各组小鼠尾动脉收缩压和心率。按照ELISA试剂盒(Assaypro,EMA3201)的说明书检测尿蛋白-肌酐比值。

1.2.3. 肾脏病理学改变

小鼠肾组织经常规固定、石蜡包埋、组织切片(厚约3 μm)后分别用HE和Masson染色,在显微镜下评估肾组织病理改变。取HE染色切片,评估肾小管间质损伤指数。取Masson染色切片,使用计算机软件(ImagePro Plus)测定肾小管间质纤维化百分比来评估胶原沉积情况[12]。采用Katafuchi的半定量标准[13]对肾组织进行肾小动脉的病理评分:血管积分0~6(以病变血管所占百分比计算),包括血管壁增厚(0~3分)和玻璃样变性(0~3分)。血管壁增厚(定义为横切面下血管内径/外径<0.5):0分,无;1分,<10%;2分,10%~25%;3分,>25%。透明样变性:0分,无;1分,<25%;2分,25%~50%;3分,>50%。

1.2.4. 免疫组织化学法检测肾组织LRG-1及纤维化 相关指标

采用免疫组织化学法测定肾组织LRG-1、I型胶原蛋白(collagen I,Col I)及纤维连接蛋白(fibronectin,FN)表达。抗LRG-1抗体(Proteintech,13224-1-AP)、抗Col I抗体(ab88147)及抗FN抗体(ab2413)均购自英国Abcam公司。切片染色后通过光学显微镜评估。

1.2.5. ELISA检测血清LRG-1及炎症因子水平

采用ELISA检测各组小鼠血清LRG-1水平,按照LRG-1的ELISA试剂盒说明书进行操作。血清肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor α,TNF-α),白细胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)及白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)水平用相应的ELISA试剂盒(eBioscience,USA)进行检测。

1.2.6. 蛋白质印迹法检测肾组织LRG-1及纤维化相关指标表达

将预冷的裂解液置于肾组织中,充分匀浆后提取总蛋白质,并测定蛋白质浓度。取30~40 μg蛋白质100 ℃煮沸5 min后,予以SDS-PAGE,再将凝胶上的蛋白质转移于PVDF膜(Millipore,USA)上。将膜置于5%脱脂牛奶中室温封闭1 h,加入一抗(包括抗LRG-1抗体、抗Col I抗体及抗FN抗体)于4 ℃下过夜。之后将膜洗涤,与辣根过氧化物酶标记的二抗于室温孵育1 h。以上抗体均购自英国Abcam公司。采用增强化学发光法(enhanced chemiluminescence,ECL)显色成像,Quantity One 4.62软件(Bio-rad Laboratories,USA)测定光密度,以目的条带/内参条带比值表示。

1.2.7. 高血压肾损害患者血清炎症因子检测

选择2021年1月至2022年3月在中南大学湘雅医院诊断的高血压肾损害(hypertensive renal damage,HRD)患者18例为研究对象,其中男10例,女8例,年龄26~64(50.3±12.7)岁。所有患者均有蛋白尿。选择同期健康体检者25例作为对照组,其中男13例,女12例,年龄23~63(51.5±10.6)岁。排除继发性高血压、冠心病及脑出血等心脑血管疾病,自身免疫性疾病,内分泌系统及代谢性疾病,恶性肿瘤,肝脏疾病,近1个月内有感染史,应用免疫抑制剂者等。原发性高血压采用2010年版中国高血压防治指南的诊断标准[14],即收缩压(systolic blood pressure,SBP)≥ 140 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)和/或舒张压(diastolic blood pressure,DBP)≥90 mmHg;肾损害均符合高血压肾损害的临床诊断标准,并排除其他各种原发性和继发性肾脏疾病。采用ELISA试剂盒检测血清TNF-α、IL-1β及IL-6水平。

1.3. 统计学处理

采用SPSS 22.0统计学软件分析数据,计量资料以均数±标准差( x¯ ±s)表示。多组比较采用单因素方差分析,两两比较采用LSD-t检验。采用Pearson直线相关分析血清LRG-1水平与其他各临床指标的关系。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2. 结 果

2.1. 各组小鼠血清及肾组织LRG-1表达情况

ELISA检测结果显示:Ang II组小鼠血清LRG-1水平显著高于对照组,经过厄贝沙坦干预后其血清LRG-1水平下降(均P<0.01,图1A)。免疫组织化学染色及蛋白质印迹法结果显示:对照组肾组织LRG-1表达较弱,Ang II干预后LRG-1表达明显增强;厄贝沙坦干预后,肾组织LRG-1表达下调(均P<0.01)。LRG-1主要表达于肾小管上皮细胞,尤其以近端肾小管上皮细胞明显,在肾小球及肾间质区域表达较少(图1B、1C)。

图1.

图1

3组小鼠血清及肾组织LRG-1表达

Figure 1 Serum and renal expression of LRG-1 of mice in the 3 groups

A: Changes in serum LRG-1 concentration in mice (n=5, x¯ ±s); B: Renal LRG-1 expression detected by Western blotting (n=5, x¯ ±s); C: Renal LRG-1 expression by immunohistochemistry. **P<0.01 vs the control group, ††P<0.05 vs the Ang II group. Ang II: Angiotensin II; IRB: Irbesartan; Col I: Collagen I.

2.2. 各组小鼠血压、蛋白尿、肾功能及肾损伤情况

实验前,对照组、Ang II组及Ang II+IRB组SBP差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。经过28 d干预后,Ang II组小鼠SBP较对照组明显升高(图2),尿蛋白-肌酐比值、BUN及血肌酐均较对照组升高(均P<0.01,表1)。同时,肾组织HE及Masson染色显示Ang II组小鼠肾系膜细胞及系膜基质增加,肾小动脉玻璃样变,可见散在分布的肾间质纤维化(图3);高血压肾损害小鼠出现肾小动脉的血管壁增厚、玻璃样变性(病理评分详见附表1https://doi.org/10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2023.220516T1F1),提示Ang II诱导的高血压肾损害小鼠建模成功。Ang II+IRB组小鼠血压较Ang II组下降,尿蛋白-肌酐比值(P<0.01)、BUN及血肌酐降低(P<0.05,表1),肾组织病理损伤减轻,提示厄贝沙坦可减轻Ang II诱导的肾损伤(图3)。3组之间的心率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05,图2)。

图2.

图2

3组小鼠血压(A)及心率(B)改变(n=5 x¯ ±s)

Figure 2 Blood pressure (A) and heart rate (B) changes of mice in the 3 groups (n=5, x¯ ±s)

**P<0.01 vs the control group; †P<0.05, ††P<0.01 vs the Ang II group. Ang II: Angiotensin II; IRB: Irbesartan.

表1.

3组小鼠肾功能变化(n=5 x¯ ±s)

Table 1 Changes of renal function of mice in the 3 groups (n=5, x¯ ±s)

组别 尿蛋白-肌酐比值 血尿素氮/(mmol·L-1) 血肌酐/(μmol·L-1)
对照组 43.49±10.13 7.65±0.68 20.43±5.02
Ang II组 221.68±41.32** 17.86±3.02** 38.02±7.11**
Ang Ⅱ+IRB组 146.16±33.64†† 11.02±1.22† 28.73±6.14†

与对照组比较,**P<0.01;与Ang II组比较,†P<0.05,††P<0.01。

图3.

图3

3组小鼠肾组织病理学改变(n=5)

Figure 3 Renal histopathological changes of mice in the 3 groups (n=5)

**P<0.01 vs the control group, ††P<0.01 vs the Ang II group. Ang II: Angiotensin II; IRB: Irbesartan.

2.3. 各组小鼠肾纤维化相关指标

免疫组织化学及蛋白质印迹结果显示:对照组小鼠肾组织中FN及Col I呈弱表达,Ang II组肾FN及Col I表达较对照组明显增加。Ang Ⅱ+IRB组肾FN及Col I表达较Ang II组明显降低(均P<0.01,图45)。

图4.

图4

免疫组织化学染色检测肾纤维化相关指标表达(n=5)

Figure 4 Immunohistochemical staining for the expression of fibrosis related indexes in kidney (n=5)

**P<0.01 vs the control group, ††P<0.01 vs the Ang II group. Ang II: Angiotensin II; IRB: Irbesartan; Col I: Collagen I.

图5.

图5

蛋白质印迹法检测肾纤维化相关指标表达(n=5)

Figure 5 Western blotting for the expression of fibrosis related indexes in kidney (n=5)

**P<0.01 vs the control group, ††P<0.01 vs the Ang II group. Ang II: Angiotensin II; IRB: Irbesartan; FN: Fibronectin; Col I: Collagen I.

2.4. 各组小鼠炎症相关指标

对照组小鼠血清TNF-α、IL-1β及IL-6处于较低水平,而Ang II组小鼠血清TNF-α、IL-1β及IL-6较对照组明显升高(均P<0.01)。Ang II+IRB组与Ang II组相比,小鼠血清中上述炎症因子水平均下降(P<0.01或P<0.05,图6)。

图6.

图6

3组小鼠血清相关炎症因子表达(n=5 x¯ ±s)

Figure 6 Expression of serum inflammatory factors of mice in the 3 groups (n=5, x¯ ±s)

**P<0.01 vs the control group; †P<0.05, ††P<0.01 vs the Ang II group. Ang II: Angiotensin II; IRB: Irbesartan.

2.5. 高血压肾损害患者血清炎症因子

对照组患者血清TNF-α、IL-1β及IL-6均处于较低水平,而高血压肾损害患者血清TNF-α及IL-6较对照组明显升高(均P<0.01),2组IL-1β水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05,附图1https://doi.org/10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2023.220516T1F1)。

2.6. 相关性分析

Pearson相关分析结果表明:血清LRG-1水平与SBP无明显相关(P>0.05)。血清LRG-1水平与尿蛋白-肌酐比值、BUN及血肌酐值均呈正相关(r分别为0.324、0.371及0.345,均P<0.01)。血清LRG-1水平与血清炎症因子TNF-α、IL-1β及IL-6水平均呈正相关(r分别为0.307、0.287及0.252,均P<0.01)。

3. 讨 论

肾间质纤维化是各种慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)包括高血压肾损害进展至终末期肾脏疾病的共同特征[12]。越来越多的证据[15-16]表明:肾小管上皮细胞通过多种分子机制在高血压肾损害的发生、发展中扮演关键角色,也是肾间质纤维化的始动因素及重要环节。本研究以高血压肾损害小鼠为研究对象,观察其血清及肾组织LRG-1水平变化,并予以厄贝沙坦进行干预。结果显示:高血压肾损害小鼠血清及肾组织LRG-1水平较对照组明显升高,并且与蛋白尿及血肌酐水平呈正相关,厄贝沙坦可下调LRG-1的表达。这提示LRG-1可能与高血压肾损害的进展相关。

LRG-1作为一种新的血管生成因子,通过激活ALK1-Smad1/5增强肾小球内皮细胞中的转化生长因子-β(transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β)信号,促进糖尿病小鼠的肾小球血管生成及肾损伤,提示LRG-1可能是糖尿病肾病的致病因子和疾病进展的危险因素[9]。此外,在狼疮肾炎和肾移植患者中,血LRG-1水平升高与蛋白尿进展及肾功能下降呈正相关[14, 17]。在蛋白尿诱导肾小管损伤的小鼠白蛋白超负荷模型中,受损的近曲小管、远曲小管和集合管中均可检测到LRG-1表达增加,提示尿LRG-1可能成为肾小管损伤的生物标志物[18]。上述研究提示LRG-1与肾脏疾病的进程密切相关。而本研究显示:Ang II诱导的高血压肾损害小鼠血清及肾组织LRG-1的表达均较对照组明显升高。有趣的是,Ang II诱导的高血压小鼠血清LRG-1水平与SBP无明显相关性,提示Ang II可能通过非血压升高依赖的方式诱导肾组织LRG-1表达增加,但这一结果仍需后续的研究加以证实。与Yang等[17]的研究一致的是,本研究也发现LRG-1主要高表达于高血压肾损害小鼠的肾小管上皮细胞,尤其以近端肾小管上皮细胞明显,而肾小球及肾间质区域表达相对较少,提示LRG-1可能与高血压进程中的肾小管损伤密切相关。

LRG-1表达增加与纤维化密切相关。AAV5-shRNA介导的LRG-1缺失使增生性瘢痕模型小鼠的血管生成及皮肤纤维化明显减轻[19]。博来霉素诱导的特发性肺纤维化研究[20]显示LRG-1缺陷小鼠的肺纤维化较对照组明显减轻。在胰腺癌及甲状腺癌等多种肿瘤中,LRG-1通过增强p38/MAPK或TGF-β等通路诱导肿瘤细胞发生上皮间充质转化(epithelial to mesenchymal transitionl,EMT),促进肿瘤的侵袭及转移[21-22]。本研究相关性分析显示血清LRG-1与尿蛋白-肌酐比值、血肌酐水平呈正相关,与SBP无明显相关性。上述结果提示LRG-1高表达可能通过非血压依赖性机制参与高血压肾损伤及纤维化的发生、发展,其可能成为高血压肾病潜在的新型血清生物标志物。

作为阻断RAAS系统的药物,Ang II受体拮抗剂(angiotensin receptor blocker,ARB)被推荐为CKD合并高血压患者的一线治疗方案之一[23-24]。作为ARB的代表,厄贝沙坦通过降压、抗炎、抗纤维化等途径发挥肾保护作用[25]。本研究应用厄贝沙坦对高血压小鼠进行干预,小鼠的高血压、蛋白尿、炎症状态、肾纤维化等均得到改善,厄贝沙坦还可降低Ang II组小鼠的血清LRG-1水平,同时肾组织局部LRG-1的表达也较Ang II干预组降低,提示全身及肾组织局部LRG-1表达的下调可能是厄贝沙坦肾保护作用的分子机制之一。

高血压病是一种慢性、低度的炎症性疾病,而炎症及免疫反应在高血压肾损害中的作用已日益受到重视[26]。众多促炎因子如TNF-α、IL-1β及IL-6等在促进高血压及靶器官损伤中发挥重要作用[27]。在炎症性疾病中,LRG-1在炎症部位的表达明显上调,这与多种炎症因子可诱导LRG-1的表达一致[28-29]。本研究的相关性分析结果显示血清LRG-1与血清炎症因子TNF-α、IL-1β及IL-6水平均呈正相关。上述结果提示高血压肾损害的微炎症状态可能诱导LRG-1的表达,而LRG-1有可能反过来促进炎症反应,参与高血压肾损害的进展。但LRG-1通过何种分子机制介导高血压肾损害,仍有待进一步研究。

本研究存在一些局限性。首先,未明确LRG-1在高血压肾损害中的作用,将来需用LRG-1敲除小鼠进行实验来验证本研究的相关结果;后续可补充高血压小鼠各动态时间点LRG-1的变化及其与血压的关系。其次,未明确LRG-1参与高血压肾损害的机制,血清LRG-1水平与SBP无明显相关性,需开展体内外实验进一步阐明LRG-1参与高血压肾损害进展的具体分子机制。最后,未明确尿液中LRG-1与疾病进展的关系,我们已开始进行高血压肾损害患者血清及尿液中LRG-1水平与疾病进展的相关研究,其能否成为无创生物标志物有待临床研究来证实。在今后的研究中,我们将扩大临床样本量,并且增加动物实验及体外实验,进一步证实LRG-1在高血压肾损害病理生理过程中的作用。

综上所述,高血压肾损害小鼠血清LRG-1水平明显升高,肾组织LRG-1表达增加,并且血清LRG-1水平与蛋白尿、肾功能、炎症因子水平密切相关,厄贝沙坦在发挥肾保护作用的同时可降低LRG-1的表达,提示LRG-1高表达可能参与了高血压肾损害的发病过程,这将为高血压肾损害的防治提供潜在的干预靶点。

附录.

附表1.

高血压肾损害小鼠的肾小动脉病理评分(n=5)

Indexes Scoring
Vascular score 0.87±0.36
Vessel wall thickening 0.73±0.21
Arteriolar hyalinosis 0.14±0.03

Supplemental Table 1 Pathological scoring of renal arterioles in mice with hypertensive kidney damage (n=5)

附图1. 高血压肾损害患者血清炎症因子水平.

附图1

Supplemental Figure 1 Levels of serum inflammatory factors in hypertensive renal damage patients

HRD: Hypertensive renal damage. **P<0.01 vs the control group.

基金资助

湖南省自然科学基金(2022JJ30070,2018JJ3818)。

This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province, China (2022JJ3007, 2018JJ3818).

利益冲突声明

作者声称无任何利益冲突。

作者贡献

张琳琳、唐荣 研究构想,标本收集,统计分析,论文撰写和修订;肖湘成 论文指导及审阅;胡雪玲、王维、彭玲 标本收集,研究实施。所有作者阅读并同意最终的文本。

原文网址

http://xbyxb.csu.edu.cn/xbwk/fileup/PDF/202306837.pdf

参考文献

  • 1. 中国高血压防治指南修订委员会, 高血压联盟, 中华医学会心血管病学分会, 等. 中国高血压防治指南( 2018年修订版) [J]. 中国心血管杂志, 2019, 24(1): 24-56. 10.3969/j.issn.1007-5410.2019.01.002. [DOI] [Google Scholar]; Writing Group of Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension, Chinese Hypertension League, Chinses Society of Cardiology, et al. 2018 Chinese guidelines for the management of hypertension[J]. Chinese Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine, 2019, 24(1): 24-56. 10.3969/j.issn.1007-5410.2019.01.002. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 2. Lee EKP, Poon P, Yip BHK, et al. Global burden, regional differences, trends, and health consequences of medication nonadherence for hypertension during 2010 to 2020: a meta-analysis involving 27Million patients[J/OL]. J Am Heart Assoc, 2022, 11(17): e026582 [2022-12-23]. 10.1161/JAHA.122.026582. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 3. Leiba A, Fishman B, Twig G, et al. Association of adolescent hypertension with future end-stage renal disease[J]. JAMA Intern Med, 2019, 179(4): 517-523. 10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.7632. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 4. Mennuni S, Rubattu S, Pierelli G, et al. Hypertension and kidneys: unraveling complex molecular mechanisms underlying hypertensive renal damage[J]. J Hum Hypertens, 2014, 28(2): 74-79. 10.1038/jhh.2013.55. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 5. Seccia TM, Caroccia B, Calò LA. Hypertensive nephropathy. Moving from classic to emerging pathogenetic mechanisms[J]. J Hypertens, 2017, 35(2): 205-212. 10.1097/HJH.0000000000001170. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 6. Fujimoto M, Serada S, Suzuki K, et al. Leucine-rich α2-glycoprotein as a potential biomarker for joint inflammation during anti-interleukin-6 biologic therapy in rheumatoid arthritis[J]. Arthritis Rheumatol, 2015, 67(8): 2056-2060. 10.1002/art.39164. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 7. Serada S, Fujimoto M, Terabe F, et al. Serum leucine-rich alpha-2 glycoprotein is a disease activity biomarker in ulcerative colitis[J]. Inflamm Bowel Dis, 2012, 18(11): 2169-2179. 10.1002/ibd.22936. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 8. Zhong ME, Chen YY, Xiao Y, et al. Serum extracellular vesicles contain SPARC and LRG1 as biomarkers of colon cancer and differ by tumour primary location[J]. EBioMedicine, 2019, 50: 211-223. 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.11.003. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 9. Hong Q, Zhang L, Fu J, et al. LRG1 promotes diabetic kidney disease progression by enhancing TGF-β-induced angiogenesis[J]. J Am Soc Nephrol, 2019, 30(4): 546-562. 10.1681/ASN.2018060599. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 10. Hong Q, Cai H, Zhang L, et al. Modulation of transforming growth factor-β-induced kidney fibrosis by leucine-rich α-2 glycoprotein-1[J]. Kidney Int, 2022, 101(2): 299-314. 10.1016/j.kint.2021.10.023. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 11. Katafuchi R, Kiyoshi Y, Oh Y, et al. Glomerular score as a prognosticator in IgA nephropathy: its usefulness and limitation[J]. Clin Nephrol, 1998, 49(1): 1-8. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 12. Ruíz-Ortega M, Rayego‐Mateos S, Lamas S, et al. Targeting the progression of chronic kidney disease[J]. Nat Rev Nephrol, 2020, 16: 269-288. 10.1038/s41581-019-0248-y. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 13. 刘力生. 中国高血压防治指南2010[J]. 中华高血压杂志, 2011, 19(8): 701-743. 10.16439/j.cnki.1673-7245.2011.08.009. [DOI] [Google Scholar]; LIU Lisheng. 2010 Chinese guidelines for the management of hypertension[J]. Chinese Journal of Hypertension, 2011, 19(8): 701-743. 10.16439/j.cnki.1673-7245.2011.08.009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 14. Popova A, Vasiļvolfa A, Rācenis K, et al. Leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein (LRG-1) as a potential kidney injury marker in kidney transplant recipients[J/OL]. Ann Transplant, 2022, 27: e936751 [2022-08-11]. 10.12659/AOT.936751. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 15. Lu YA, Liao CT, Raybould R, et al. Single-nucleus RNA sequencing identifies new classes of proximal tubular epithelial cells in kidney fibrosis[J]. J Am Soc Nephrol, 2021, 32(10): 2501-2516. 10.1681/ASN.2020081143. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 16. Seccia TM, Caroccia B, Gioco F, et al. Endothelin-1 drives epithelial-mesenchymal transition in hypertensive nephro-angiosclerosis[J/OL]. J Am Heart Assoc, 2016, 5(7): e003888 [2022-09-01]. 10.1161/JAHA.116.003888. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 17. Yang Y, Luo R, Cheng YC, et al. Leucine-rich α2-glycoprotein-1 upregulation in plasma and kidney of patients with lupus nephritis[J]. BMC Nephrol, 2020, 21(1): 122. 10.1186/s12882-020-01782-0. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 18. Lee H, Fujimoto M, Ohkawara T, et al. Leucine rich α-2 glycoprotein is a potential urinary biomarker for renal tubular injury[J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2018, 498(4): 1045-1051. 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.03.111. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 19. Gao Y, Zhou J, Xie ZB, et al. Mechanical strain promotes skin fibrosis through LRG-1 induction mediated by ELK1 and ERK signalling[J]. Commun Biol, 2019, 2: 359. 10.1038/s42003-019-0600-6. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 20. Honda H, Fujimoto M, Serada S, et al. Leucine-rich α-2 glycoprotein promotes lung fibrosis by modulating TGF-β signaling in fibroblasts[J/OL]. Physiol Rep, 2017, 5(24): e13556 [2022-08-23]. 10.14814/phy2.13556. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 21. Ban ZF, He JN, Tang ZZ, et al. LRG‑1 enhances the migration of thyroid carcinoma cells through promotion of the epithelial‑mesenchymal transition by activating MAPK/p38 signaling[J]. Oncol Rep, 2019, 41(6): 3270-3280. 10.3892/or.2019.7123. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 22. Otsuru T, Kobayashi S, Wada H, et al. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition via transforming growth factor beta in pancreatic cancer is potentiated by the inflammatory glycoprotein leucine-rich alpha-2 glycoprotein[J]. Cancer Sci, 2019, 110(3): 985-996. 10.1111/cas.13918. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 23. Arumugam S, Sreedhar R, Thandavarayan RA, et al. Angiotensin receptor blockers: focus on cardiac and renal injury[J]. Trends Cardiovasc Med, 2016, 26(3): 221-228. 10.1016/j.tcm.2015.06.004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 24. Zhong Y, Tang R, Lu Y, et al. Irbesartan may relieve renal injury by suppressing Th22 cells chemotaxis and infiltration in Ang II-induced hypertension[J]. Int Immunopharmacol, 2020, 87: 106789. 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106789. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 25. Harada M, Kamijo Y, Nakajima T, et al. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α-dependent renoprotection of murine kidney by irbesartan[J]. Clin Sci, 2016, 130(21): 1969-1981. 10.1042/CS20160343. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 26. Norlander AE, Madhur MS, Harrison DG. The immunology of hypertension[J]. J Exp Med, 2018, 215(1): 21-33. 10.1084/jem.20171773. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 27. Mirhafez SR, Mohebati M, Feiz Disfani M, et al. An imbalance in serum concentrations of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in hypertension[J]. J Am Soc Hypertens, 2014, 8(9): 614-623. 10.1016/j.jash.2014.05.007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 28. Shirai R, Hirano F, Ohkura N, et al. Up-regulation of the expression of leucine-rich alpha(2)-glycoprotein in hepatocytes by the mediators of acute-phase response[J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2009, 382(4): 776-779. 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.03.104. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 29. Nakajima H, Nakajima K, Takaishi M, et al. The skin-liver axis modulates the psoriasiform phenotype and involves leucine-rich α-2 glycoprotein[J]. J Immunol, 2021, 206(7): 1469-1477. 10.4049/jimmunol.2000502. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences are provided here courtesy of Central South University

RESOURCES