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Epithelial and Mesenchymal markers. EMT is characterized by a loss of epithelial markers, such as cytokeratins and E-cadherin, and an upregulation of mesenchymal markers, such as N-cadherin, fibronectin and vimentin. EMT-activating transcription factors such as Snail, Slug, Twist1, Zeb1 and Zeb2 regulate the transition. Several signaling pathways are activated during the EMT: TGF-β, Wnt/beta-catenin. Noth. IL6/STAT3, PI3/AKT, HH-GLI and tyrosin kinases.
