Table 3.
Subgroup analysis regarding HbA1c based on study characteristics.
| Characteristics | Subgroup | K | Study ID | N | Overall ES |
95% CI | Z (p) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower Limit |
Upper Limit |
|||||||
| Location (country of publication) |
US | 6 | 2,3,6,9,16,17 | 627 | −0.29 | −0.45 | −0.13 | −3.57 (<0.001) |
| others | 11 | 1,4,5,7,8,10, 11,12,13,14,15 |
992 | −0.41 | −0.82 | 0.00 | −1.98 (0.048) | |
| Participants | <60 | 7 | 1,2,5,10, 11,12,15 |
265 | −0.22 | −0.46 | 0.03 | −1.74 (0.082) |
| ≥60 | 10 | 3,4,6,7,8,9, 13,14,16,17 |
1354 | −0.46 | −0.81 | −0.11 | −2.56 (0.011) | |
| Study centers | 1 | 5 | 6,10,11,12,17 | 321 | −0.21 | −0.43 | 0.01 | −1.83 (0.067) |
| multiple | 12 | 1,2,3,4,5,7,8, 9,13,14,15,16 |
1298 | −0.45 | −0.78 | −0.12 | −2.65 (0.008) | |
| Intervention | r-CGM | 6 | 1,2,5,8,10,30 | 402 | −0.05 | −0.25 | 0.15 | −0.49 (0.621) |
| rt-CGM | 11 | 3,4,6,7,9,11, 13,14,15,16,17 |
1217 | −0.50 | −0.81 | −0.18 | −3.04 (0.002) | |
| Intervention period (week) | ≤24 | 7 | 2,5,6,11, 12,16,17 |
425 | −0.24 | −0.44 | −0.05 | −2.47 (0.013) |
| >24 | 10 | 1,3,4,7,8,9, 10,13,14,15 |
1194 | −0.45 | −0.84 | −0.07 | −2.30 (0.022) | |
| Quality score | ≤8 | 10 | 1,3,4,6,8,12,13, 14,16,17 |
1004 | −0.31 | −0.52 | −0.10 | −2.94 (0.003) |
| >8 | 7 | 2,5,7,9,10,11,15 | 615 | −0.43 | −0.98 | 0.12 | −1.54 (0.124) | |
| Insulin therapy |
Yes | 11 | 1,3,5,7,8,9,10, 11,12,13,14 |
1188 | −0.42 | −0.79 | −0.05 | −2.21 (0.027) |
| No | 6 | 2,4,6,15,16,17 | 431 | −0.25 | −0.44 | −0.05 | −2.51 (0.012) | |
Notes. ES: effect size; CI: confidence interval; r-CGM: retrospective continuous glucose monitoring; rt-CGM: real-time continuous glucose monitoring; and US: The United States.