Table 6.

Publication bias analysis.

Publication Bias Test		Coefficient	SE	95% CI		Z	p
				Lower Limit	Upper Limit
Egger’s regression test	intercept	2.23	1.83	−1.35	5.81	1.22	0.222
	slope	−0.90	0.39	−1.67	−0.14	−2.31	0.021
		tau-b		ties		Z	p
Begg’s test	standard	−0.05		4		−0.29	0.771
	corrected	−0.04		4		−0.25	0.805
		Hedge’s		95% CI
				Lower Limit		Upper Limit
Trim and fill	original	−0.36		−0.62		−0.10
	corrected	−0.58		−0.83		−0.33

Notes. SE: standard error; CI: confidence interval.