Table 2.
Intrinsic risk factors for melanoma: Phenotypic traits, sex, medical history, genetic conditions, and susceptibility genes. (Abbreviations: RR = Relative Risk, CI = Confidence Interval, IR = Incidence Rate, O:E = Observed to Expected ratio, SIR = Standardized Incidence Ratio, OR = Odds Ratio, p < 0.05 for all presented values).
| Intrinsic Risk Factors for Melanoma | ||
|---|---|---|
| Phenotype | ||
| ● Fitzpatrick phototype: | [33] | |
| III vs. IV | RR: 1.77 (95% CI: 1.23–2.56) | |
| II vs. IV | RR: 1.84 (95% CI: 1.43–2.36) | |
| I vs. IV | RR: 2.09 (95% CI: 1.67–2.58 | |
| ● Light eye color: | [33] | |
| blue vs. dark | RR: 1.47 (95% CI: 1.28–1.69) | |
| green vs. dark | RR: 1.61 (95% CI: 1.06–2.45) | |
| ● Light hair color: | [33] | |
| red vs. dark | RR: 3.64 (95% CI: 2.56–5.37) | |
| blond vs. dark | RR: 1.96 (95% CI: 1.41–2.74) | |
| light brown vs. dark | RR: 1.62 (95% CI: 1.11–2.34) | |
| ● Freckles | RR: 2.10 (95% CI: 1.80–2.45) | [34] |
| ● High nevi count (>100) | RR: 6.89 (95% CI: 4.63–10.25) | [35] |
| ● Presence of atypical nevi | RR: 6.36 (95% CI: 3.80–10.33) | [35] |
| Sex | ||
| ● Male sex | IR per 100,000: male vs. female 29.3 vs. 18.0 |
[40,41] |
| Medical history | ||
| ● Personal history of | ||
| melanoma | O:E: 8.61 (95% CI: 8.31–8.92) | [46,47] |
| BCC (yes vs. no) | 2.46% vs. 0.37% | [46] |
| ● Family history of melanoma |
RR: 1.74 (95% CI: 1.41–2.14) | [34,48,50] |
| ● Preceding malignancy: | [65,66] | |
| Breast cancer | SIR: 5.13 (95% CI: 3.91–6.73) | |
| Thyroid cancer | SIR: 16.2 (95% CI: 5.22–50.2) | |
| Head and neck cancer | SIR: 5.62 (95% CI: 1.41–22.50) | |
| Soft tissue cancer | SIR: 8.68 (95% CI: 2.17–34.70) | |
| Cervical cancer | SIR: 12.5 (95% CI: 3.14–50.20) | |
| Kidney/urinary tract cancer | SIR: 3.19 (95% CI: 1.52–6.68) | |
| Prostate cancer | SIR: 4.36 (95% CI: 2.63–7.24) | |
| Acute myeloid leukemia | SIR: 6.44 (95% CI: 2.42–17.20) | |
| Chronic lymphatic leukemia | SIR: 2.74 (95% CI, 2.43–3.08) | [67] |
| Genetic conditions and susceptibility genes |
||
| ● Familial melanoma | [52,53,54] | |
| ● CDKN2A, CDK4, BAP1, MITF, TERT, ACD, TERF2IP, POT1 mutation | [56,57,59,60] | |
| ● MC1R | ||
| one variant: | OR: 1.41 (95% CI: 1.07–1.87) | |
| ≥two variants | OR: 2.51 (95% CI: 1.83–3.44) | |
| Mixed cancer syndromes | ||
| ● PTEN, BRCA1, BRCA2, RB1, BAP1, TP53 mutation | [56,61,62,63] | |