Table 1.

Qualitative identification of primary and secondary metabolites in JCEO.

Metabolites	Extract	Reagent	Colour	Reference
Reducing sugar	0.5 mL	1 mL of water + 5 drops of Fehlings (A + B) + boil 5 min	Brick-red precipitate	[12]
Anthraquinones	1 mL	1 mL of HCl (10%) + boil 5 min	Precipitate	[13]
Proteins and amino acids	1 mL	1 mL of Ninhydrin (0.25%) + boil 5 min	Blue colour	[14]
Phlabotannins	1 mL	1 mL of HCl (1%) + boil 5 min + cooling	Red precipitate	[15]
Tanins	1 mL	1 mL of rerric chloride FeCl3	Blue colour	[16]
Resins	1 mL	Acetone + small amount of water	Turbidity	[17]
Terpenoïds	1 mL	2 mL of chloroform + 3 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid	Reddish brown colour in the surface	[12]
Flavonoïds	1 mL	5 mL of potassium hydroxide KOH (50%)	Yellow colour	[18]
Quinones	1 mL	1 mL HCl concentrated	Precipitate or yellow colour	[13]
Sterols and steroids	1 mL	2 mL of chloroform + concentrated sulfuric acid	Red colour of the upper layer + greenish yellow fluorescence in the acid layer	[11,17]
Diterpenes	1 mL	Few drops of copper acetate	Green colour	[16]
Anthocyanins	1 mL	1 mL of NaOH (10%)	Blue colour	[19]
Flavanones	1 mL	${1\mathrm{m}\mathrm{L} \mathrm{o}\mathrm{f} \mathrm{H}}_2{\mathrm{S}\mathrm{O}}_4$ concentrated	Purple red colour	[19]
Cardiac glycosides	2 mL	1 mL of glacial acetic acid + 1 drop of 5% ferric chloride (FeCl3) + 1 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid	Purple ring + Brown ring + Green ring	[11,17]
Saponins	2 mL	Vigorous shaking (5 min on Vortex)	Layer of foam	[12]
Phenols	5 mL	1 mL of ${\mathrm{F}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{l}}_3$ (1%) + 1 mL of ${\mathrm{K}}_3{\left(\mathrm{F}\mathrm{e}\right(\mathrm{C}\mathrm{N})}_6$) (1%)	Greenish blue colour	[16]
Fixed oils and fatty acids	Small amount of extract	On filter paper	Oil spot	[12]