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. 2024 Feb 23;16(5):911. doi: 10.3390/cancers16050911

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© 2024 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Breast cancer brain metastasis. (A) Establishing patient-derived breast cancer brain metastasis in vivo models: intracardial xenografting of breast cancer cells reflects hematogenic colonization of the brain. (B) Early steps of BC brain colonization involve crossing the blood–brain barrier to reach the perivascular space with contacts to pericytes, astrocyte foot processes and perivascular macrophages. (C) Established brain metastatic lesions may grow as demarcated spherical tumors with angiogenesis or by vascular co-option along preexisting blood vessels as observed for HER2 overexpressing (HER2+ BC) or triple-negative (TNBC) breast cancer brain metastasis, respectively.