Table 5.

Mean effect size (%) of potential dietary rumen modulating strategies on production performance parameters in ruminant livestock systems.

Parameters	DMI		TTDIG		MP		FCR		MY		ADG		MF g/kg		MF kg/d		MP g/kg		MP kg/d
Dietary Rumen Modulating Strategies	%	p-Value	%	p-Value	%	p-Value	%	p-Value	%	p-Value	%	p-Value	%	p-Value	%	p-Value	%	p-Value	%	p-Value
Nitrate	11.70	0.20	−0.16	0.97	1.45	0.78	−7.01	0.77	2.74	0.85	−8.24	0.94	2.74	0.70	2.74	0.75	2.74	0.44	2.74	0.86
Saponin	−0.10	1.00	−0.11	0.96	−7.23	0.81	2.25	0.86	ND	ND	−16	0.86	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND
Tannin	−1.07	0.99	−12	0.01	−0.03	1.00	−7.87	0.44	3.84	0.77	0.88	0.99	6	0.36	2.51	0.88	−0.61	0.72	ND	ND
Oils	1.42	1.00	−2.25	0.20	ND	ND	−8.21	0.31	6.57	0.17	69.34	0.26	0.17	0.98	16.3	<0.001	ND	ND	20	0.008
Ether extract	7.45	0.25	ND	ND	ND	ND	−0.71	0.94	ND	ND	0.02	1.00	−8	0.14	1.46	0.77	−0.45	0.83	−3	0.73
Concentrate	+23.41	0.10	ND	ND	2.68	0.68	11.83	0.45	+19.90	<0.001	60.58	0.43	−3	0.66	3.65	0.77	−16	0.01	9.28	0.58
Biochar	−3.72	0.20	0.380	0.88	ND	ND	−3.72	0.83	18.41	0.21	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND
Seaweed	−2.16	0.23	1.38	0.33	ND	ND	ND	ND	6.90	0.30	−3.75	0.004	0.14	0.98	0.65	0.82	0.69	0.86	ND	ND
3-Nitroxy propanol	−0.21	0.97	1.80	0.87	ND	ND	2.64	0.9	−0.94	0.87	−7.42	0.85	1.17	0.86	15	0.007	−0.16	0.97	0.64	0.97

DMI, dry matter intake (kg/d); TTDDIG, total tract digestibility (g/kg); ADG, average daily gain (g/day: data exclusive of dairy ruminants); FRC, feed conversion ratio (ADG/kg DMI; data exclusive of ruminants); MY, milk yield (g of milk/kg DMI); MFp, production of milk fat (kg/d); MFy, yield of milk fat (g/kg DMI); MPp, production of milk protein (kg/d); MPp, yield of milk protein (g/kg DMI); ND, no data; positive values imply an increase in response to rumen modulating strategy compared to the respective control while negative values imply a reduction at p < 0.05.