Table 2.
Characteristics of the included studies.
| Müller et al. [26] | ||||||||||||||||
| Population | Participants | Age (Years) | Sex | Body Mass (Kg) | Height (Cm) | BMI | Sample | Exclusion Pathologies | Assistance | |||||||
| 35 | 65.8 ± 3.9 | M | 89.3 ± 9.9 | 172.4 cm ± 7.4 | 18.75 | TST + HIIT: N = 18 | Neuromuscular, cognitive, metabolic, hormonal, cardiovascular, smokers. | 100% | ||||||||
| 84.7 ± 14.8 | TPT + HIIT: N = 17 | |||||||||||||||
| 85.3 ± 12.8 | HIIT: N = 35 | |||||||||||||||
| Intervention |
Duration (Week)/
Frequency (Day) |
Ig | Cg | Intensity/Velocity | Phase/Time | Characteristics | Measurement | Exercise | Questionnaire | |||||||
| 16/2 | TST + HIIT | No | 65–80% RM | 2 s (concentric and eccentric) | Week 1–4: 2 x (12–15 rep 65% RM x 180 s rest) Week 13–16: 4 x (6–8 rep 80% RM x 180 s rest) |
Functional capacity | Sit-to-Stand (>n° rep x 30 s), Timed- Up and Go, climbing stairs (16 cm) | - | ||||||||
| TPT + HIIT | 40–60% RM | 2 s eccentric and maximum concentric | Week 1–4: 3 x (8 rep 40% RM x 180 s rest) Week 13–16: 4 x (6 rep 60% RM x 180 s rest) |
Cardiorespiratory capacity | Peak power in cycling: Wmax, VO2max, cycling economy | |||||||||||
| HIIT | 75–90% VO2max | - | Cycle-ergometer: Warming 5 min 60–65% HRmax Cadence 70–75 rpm Week 1–4: 3 x (4 min 75–85% HRmax x 2 min active rest) Week 13–16 3 x (4 min 85–90% HRmax x 2 min active rest) |
Body composition (DEXA) | Before intervention, 8 weeks, 16 weeks: body fat mass, lean body mass, total body fat mass, total lean body mass | |||||||||||
| Results | Measurement | Exercise/Parameter | TST | TPT | ||||||||||||
| Functional capacity | Sit-to-Stand | 8 weeks: ↑ 13.3% (p < 0.001) ES = 0.91 16 weeks: ↑ 15.9% (p < 0.001) |
8 weeks: ↑ 30% (p < 0.001) ES = 1.46 16 weeks: ↑ 27.1% (p < 0.001) |
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| Timed Up and Go | 8 weeks: (p < 0.001) No differences ES = 0.47. 16 weeks: ↑ 10% (p < 0.001) |
16 weeks: ↑ 14% (p < 0.001) ES = 0.54 | ||||||||||||||
| Climbing stairs | 8 weeks: ↑ 13.2% (p < 0.005) 16 weeks: ↑ 15.2% (p < 0.001) ES = 0.54 |
8 weeks: ↑ 13.9% (p < 0.005) 16 weeks: ↑ 12.3% (p < 0.001) ES = 0.78 |
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| Cardiorespiratory capacity | Wmax | 8 weeks: ↑ 6.7% (p < 0.001) 16 weeks: ↑ 9.9% (p < 0.001) ES = 0.75 |
8 weeks: ↑ 8% (p < 0.001) 16 weeks: ↑ 11.1% (p < 0.001) ES = 1.17 |
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| VO2max | 8 weeks: ↑ 7.8% (p < 0.005) 16 weeks: ↑ 10% (p < 0.001) ES = 0.53 |
8 weeks: ↑ 22.3% (p < 0.005) 16 weeks: ↑ 37.8% (p < 0.001) ES = 0.54 |
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| Cycling economy | 8 weeks: ↑ 9.9% (p < 0.001) 16 weeks: ↑ 9.5% (p < 0.001) ES = −0.6 |
8 weeks: ↑ 10.7% (p < 0.001) 16 weeks: ↑ 17.2% (p < 0.001) ES = 0.34 |
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| Siqueria et al. [27] | ||||||||||||||||
| Population | Participants | Age (Years) | Sex | Body Mass (Kg) | Height (cm) | BMI | Sample | Exclusion Pathologies | Assistance | |||||||
| 41 | 63.9 ± 2.5 | F | 74.4 ± 14.7 | 153.4 cm ± 4.3 | 31.5 | CG: n = 21 | Cardiovascular disease and osteo-articular restrictions for exercising. | CG: 82.6% | ||||||||
| 64.8 ± 3.6 | 74.4 ± 14.7 | 155.1 cm ± 5.8 | 30.1 | IG: n = 20 | IG: 82.2% | |||||||||||
| Intervention |
Duration (Week)/
Frequency (Day) |
IG | CG | Intensity/Velocity | Phase/Time | Characteristics | Measurement | Exercise | Questionnaire | |||||||
| 12/2 | CG | No | Borg Scale (6–20) RPE: 13–16/- | 2 s (concentric and eccentric) | Week 1–4: 36 min RPE: 13 Week 5–8: 36 min RPE: 14 Week 9–10: 36 min RPE 15 Week 11–12: 36 min RPE 16 |
Cardiorespiratory capacity | Stationary running, front kick and cross-country skiing Aquatic intervention |
Informed consent form | ||||||||
| IG | RPE: 11–18/- | 2 s (concentric and eccentric) | Week 1–4: 9 rep x (2 min RPE:16 + 2 min RPE 11) Week 5–8: 12 x (1.5 min RPE:17 + 1.5 min RPE 11) Week 9–10: 18 x (1 min RPE:18 + 1 min RPE 11) Week 11–12: 18 x (1 min RPE:18 + 1 min RPE 11) | Neuromuscular capacity | ||||||||||||
| Results | Measurement | Exercise Parameter | CG | IG | ||||||||||||
| Cardiorespiratory capacity | Cycle-ergometer RHR (bpm) |
↓ 15.4% (p < 0.05) Pre CG: 83 ± 21 Post CG: 75 ± 11 |
↓ 11.8% (p < 0.05) Pre: 80 ± 14 Post: 75 ± 14 |
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| VO2max (mL·kg−1·min−1) | ↑ 10.3% (p < 0.05) Pre: 26.30 ± 3.68 Post: 28.76 ± 5.05 |
↑ 16.5% (p < 0.05) Pre: 24.07 ± 4.10 Post: 26.01 ± 7.95 |
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| Exhaustion tolerance | ↑ 5.6% (p < 0.05) Pre: 13.08 ± 1.91 Post: 14.02 ± 1.88 |
↑ 13.5% (p < 0.05) Pre: 12.75 ± 1.45 Post: 14.04 ± 1.40 |
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| Neuromuscular capacity | Maximal dynamic strength (kg) | ↑ 5.9% (p < 0.05) Pre: 30.92 ± 6.29 Post: 32.42 ± 6.42 |
↑ 12.5% (p < 0.05) Pre: 28.00 ± 5.68 Post: 29.50 ± 5.21 |
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| Dynamic resistance | ↑ 15.3% (p < 0.05) Pre: 11.83 ± 2.21 Post: 13.08 ± 3.48 |
↑ 6.7% (p < 0.05) Pre: 12.63 ± 2.07 Post: 14.00 ± 2.62 |
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| Neuromuscular activation (uV) | ↑ 38.4% (p < 0.05) Pre: 94.16 ± 40.82 Post: 102.30 ± 45.26 |
↑ 47.7% (p < 0.05) Pre: 121.00 ± 67.62 Post: 151.13 ± 72.62 |
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| Muscular thickness (cm) | ↑ 4.8% (p < 0.05) Pre: 6.07 ± 0.79 Post: 6.35 ± 0.87 |
↑ 6.7% (p < 0.05) Pre: 6.26 ± 0.98 Post: 6.62 ± 1.11 |
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| Muscular volume (cm3) | ↑ 68.2 cm3 Post-IRT compared to Pre-IRT (p = 0.001) | ↑ 42.2 cm3 Post-HIIT compared to Pre-HIIT (p = 0.003) | ||||||||||||||
| ACSA in relation to IMAT intermuscular adipose tissue: | 50% LF ↓ Post-IRT compared to Pre-IRT (p = 0.008) 75% LF ↓ Post-IRT compared to Pre-IRT (p = 0.001) |
50% LF ↓ Post-HIIT compared to Pre-HIIT (p = 0.001) CI: 95%; 75% LF: No significance (p > 0.05) | ||||||||||||||
| Muscular torque | IRT ↑ 7.8% TMVC: 90° ↑ 11.5 N·m ± 17.1 (p = 0.040) IRT ↑ TC: 120° s−1 ↑ 8.8 N·m ± 13.0 (p = 0.008) |
HIIT no significance | ||||||||||||||
| Pennation angle, PCSA and specific torque | PCSA 50% LG: ↑ Post-IRT compared to Pre-IRT (p = 0.025) Significant effect time-training IRT ↑ Post-IRT compared to Pre-IRT (p = 0.004) |
Significant effect time-training IRT ↑ Post-HIIT compared to Pre-HIIT (p = 0.001) |
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| Specific isometric strength (Strength/ACSA) | With IMAT torque·cm2 from ACSA it remained unchanged Without IMAT torque·cm2 from ACSA: Pre-IRT (63.8 N·cm−2 ± 5.6) Post-IRT (63.0, N·cm−2 ± 9.1) |
With IMAT torque·cm2 from ACSA it remained unchanged Without IMAT torque·cm2 from ACSA: Pre-HIIT 66.4 N·cm−2 ± 6.1; Post-HIIT 60.8 N·cm−2 ± 7.5 |
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| Neuromuscular activation | ↑ Post-IRT compared to Pre-IRT (p = 0.011) | - | ||||||||||||||
| Wyckelsma et al. [28] | ||||||||||||||||
| Population | Participants | Age (Years) | Sex | Body Mass (Kg) | Height (cm) | BMI | Sample | Exclusion Pathologies | Assistance | |||||||
| Beginning: 15 | 69.4 ± 3.5 | 6 M 2 F |
75.2 ± 13.0 | 170.8 ± 10.4 cm | 21.6 | IG: n = 8 | Type I or type II diabetes, chronic heart disease, severe hypertension, severe overweight/obesity, uncontrolled metabolic disease, cardiovascular disease and injuries. | IG: 83% (30/36 sessions) | ||||||||
| Intervention: 13 | 3 M 4 F |
CG: n = 7 | ||||||||||||||
| Intervention | Duration (Week)/Frequency (Day) | IG | CG | Intensity/Velocity | Phase/Time | Characteristics | Measurement | Exercise | Questionnaire | |||||||
| 12/3 | IG | No | RPE 17/- | - | Warming: 5 min cycle-ergometer PP: 4 rep x (4 min 90–94%HRmax x 4 min active resting 50–60% HRmax), Calm down: 5 min cycle-ergometer |
Cardiorespiratory capacity Plasma changes (K+), union of (3H) muscular ouabain and NKA isoforms |
Cycle-ergometer | - | ||||||||
| Results | Measurement | Exercise Parameter | CG | IG | ||||||||||||
| Cardiorespiratory capacity | HR peak (b x min−1) | Pre: 141 ± 11 Post: 142 ± 14 |
↑ 6.8% (p < 0.05) Pre: 136.2 ± 16.4 Post: 144.3 ± 14.4 |
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| VO2peak (mL x kg−1 x min−1) | Pre: 23.6 ± 5.3 Post: 23.8 ± 5.3 |
↑ 16.2% (p < 0.05) Pre: 24.7 ± 5.4 Post: 28.7 ± 5.1 |
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| Performance capacity | WRpeak (W) | Pre: 142.0 ± 46.4 Post: 147.1 ± 40.2 |
↑ 25.23% (p < 0.05) Pre: 145.0 ± 49.5 Post: 181.2 ± 52.4 |
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| Work (J) | Pre: 47.914 ± 24.408 Post: 47.486 ± 24.834 |
↑ 60.46% (p < 0.05) Pre: 43.725 ± 21.282 Post: 70.050 ± 31.834 |
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| Time to RPE-17 (min) | Pre: 9.6 ± 3.1 Post: 9.7 ± 3.1 |
Pre: 7.3 ± 3.7 Post: 9.4 ± 4.5 |
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| Physiological capacity | [K+ ]v peak (mmol.L−1) |
Pre: 4.88 ± 0.33 Post: 4.90 ± 0.42 |
↑ 10% (p = 0.056) Pre: 4.74 ± 0.41 Post: 5.23 ± 0.57 |
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| Δ[K+ ]v x work−1 (nmolx L−1 x J−1) |
Pre: 22.3 ± 10.9 Post: 21.1 ± 14.7 |
(p > 0.05) No differences Pre: 21.4 ± 10.6 Post: 17.4 ± 4.5 |
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| Sculthorpe et al. [29] | ||||||||||||||||
| Population | Participants | Age (Years) | Sex | Body Mass (Kg) | Height (cm) | BMI | Sample Number | Exclusion Pathologies | Assistance | |||||||
| 33 | 62.3 ± 4.1 | M | 89.9 ± 17.1 | 175 ± 5.2 | 29.4 | HITT: n = 22 | - | 100% | ||||||||
| 61.6 ± 5.0 | 87.5 ± 14.3 | 173 ± 5.5 | 29.1 | CG: n = 11 | ||||||||||||
| Intervention |
Duration (Week)/
Frequency (Day) |
IG | CG | Intensity/Velocity | Phase/Time | Characteristics | Measurement | Exercise | Questionnaire | |||||||
| 6/5 | Conditioning | No | Week 1–2: 55% HRR/- Week 3–4: 60% HRR/- Week 5–6: 65% HRR/- |
- | Perform the activity of participant’s preference, taking into account duration, HR and recommended intensity. | Body composition, static equilibrium and start point | Walking, jogging, cycling | PAR-Q | ||||||||
| 6/1.4 | HIIT | No | 40–50% PP 90% HRR | - | Warming: 5 min cycle-ergometer PP: 6 rep sprints x (30 s 50% PP90% HRR x 3 min active resting) | Cycle-ergometer | IPAQ | |||||||||
| Results | Measurement | Exercise Parameter | CG | IG | ||||||||||||
| Performance capacity | WRpeak (W) | Phase A: 655 W Phase B: 661 W Phase C: 657 W Phase A–B: ↑ 1% ↑ 6 W (p > 0.05) Phase B–C: ↓ 0.6% ↓ 4 W (p > 0.05) Phase A–C: ↑ 2 W (p > 0.05) |
Phase A: 699 W Phase B: 706 W Phase C: 831 W Phase A–B: ↑ 1% ↑ 7 W (p > 0.05) Phase B–C: ↑ 17.6% ↑ 125 W (p < 0.01) Phase A–C: ↑ 132 W (p < 0.01) Phase A: IG ↑ 44 W (↑ 6.7%) compared to CG Phase B: IG ↑ 44.7 W (↑ 6.7%) compared to CG Phase C: IG ↑ 173.8 W (↑ 26%) compared to CG |
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| Relative WRpeak (W/Kg) |
Phase A–B: No improvement (p > 0.05) Phase B–C: No improvement (p > 0.05) |
Phase A–B: No improvement (p > 0.05) Phase B–C: ↑ 1.53 W/Kg ↑ 14% (p < 0.01) Phase C: IG ↑ 1.67 W/Kg (↑ 15%) compared to CG |
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| Body composition | Total body mass | No effect PP on phase or, group (p > 0.05) | No effect PP on phase or, group (p > 0.05) | |||||||||||||
| Total body lean mass | Phase A: 63.4 Kg Phase B: 63.7 Kg Phase C: 63.6 Kg Phase A–B: ↑ 0.4% (p > 0.05) Phase B–C: ↓ 0.1 (p> 0.05) |
Phase A: 65.9 Kg Phase B: 66.1 Kg Phase C: 68.1 Kg Phase A–B: ↑ 0.3% (p > 0.05) Phase B–C: ↑ 3% (p < 0.05) Phase A: IG ↑ 2.5 Kg (↑ 3.9%) compared to CG Phase B: IG ↑ 2.4 Kg (↑ 3.7%) compared to CG Phase C: IG ↑ 4.5 Kg (↑ 7%) compared to CG |
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| Total body fat mass | Phase A: 19.8 Kg Phase B: 19.9 Kg Phase C: 19.3 Kg Phase A–B: ↑ 0.1% (p > 0.05) Phase B–C: ↓ 0.7% (p > 0.05) |
Phase A: 23.9 Kg Phase B: 22.8 Kg Phase C: 20.8 Kg Phase A–B: (p < 0.05) CI: 95% Phase B–C: (p < 0.05) CI: 95% Phase A: IG ↓ 4.1 Kg compared to CG Phase B: IG ↓ 2.9 Kg compared to CG Phase C: IG ↓ 1.5 Kg compared to CG |
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| Bruseghini et al. [30] | ||||||||||||||||
| Population | Participants | Age (Years) | Sex | Body Mass (Kg) |
Height
(cm) |
BMI | Sample Number | Exclusion Pathologies | Assistance | |||||||
| 12 | 69.3 ± 4.2 | M | 77.8 ± 10.4 | 172 ± 5.0 | 26.5 | HIIT aerobic training: n = 12 | Abnormal EKG, hypertension, cardiovascular, respiratory, metabolic, kidney failure, neurological, orthopaedics, anticoagulant treatment and antiplatelet therapy contraindication, drugs and alcohol abuse | 100% | ||||||||
| IRT: n = 12 | ||||||||||||||||
| Intervention |
Duration (Week)/
Frequency (Day) |
IG | CG | Intensity/Velocity | Phase/Time | Characteristics | Measurement | Exercise | Questionnaire | |||||||
| 8/3 | HIIT | No | 85–95% VO2max/- | - | Warming:10 min cycle-ergometer PP: 7 rep x (2 min 85–95% VO2max x 2 min 40% VO2max) |
Strength, mass, architecture and muscular quality, IMAT, and neuromuscular activation | Cycle-ergometer | IPAQ | ||||||||
| IRT | Maximal concentric contraction | Warming: 10 min 3 rep x (7 submaximal knee extension) PP: 4 rep x (7 maximal concentric knee extension and eccentric knee flexion) |
Cycle-ergometer Iso-inertial machine Yoyo Technology AB |
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| Results | Measurement | Exercise Parameter | IRT | HIIT | ||||||||||||
| Neuromuscular capacity | ACSA (cm2) | 25% LF ↑ IRT compared to HIIT (p = 0.024) 75% LF ↑ IRT compared to Post-HIIT (p = 0.08) 75% LF ↑ IRT compared to Pre-HIIT (p = 0.011) ↑ 4.47 cm2 Post-IRT compared to Pre-IRT (p = 0.001) |
25% LF ↑ 3.19 cm (p = 0.001) 50% LF ↑ 3.03 cm (p = 0.005) 75% LF ↑ 3.40 cm (p = 0.004) ↑ 3.9 cm2 Post-HIIT compared to Pre-HIIT (p = 0.001) |
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| Muscular volume (cm3) | ↑ 68.2 cm3 Post-IRT compared to Pre-IRT (p = 0.001) | ↑ 42.2 cm3 Post-HIIT compared to Pre-HIIT (p = 0.003) | ||||||||||||||
| ACSA in relation to IMAT intermuscular adipose tissue | 50% LF ↓ Post-IRT compared to Pre-IRT (p = 0.008) 75% LF ↓ Post-IRT compared to Pre-IRT (p = 0.001) |
50% LF ↓ Post-HIIT compared to Pre-HIIT (p = 0.001) CI: 95%; 75% LF: No significance (p > 0.05) | ||||||||||||||
| Muscular torque | IRT ↑ 7.8% MVC: 90° ↑ 11.5 N·m ± 17.1 (p = 0.040) IRT ↑ TC: 120° s−1 ↑ 8.8 N·m ± 13.0 (p = 0.008) |
HIIT no significance | ||||||||||||||
| Pennation angle, PCSA and specific torque | PCSA 50% LG: ↑ Post-IRT compared to Pre-IRT (p = 0.025) Significant effect time-training IRT ↑ Post-IRT compared to Pre-IRT (p = 0.004) |
Significant effect time-training IRT ↑ Post-HIIT compared to Pre-HIIT (p = 0.001) |
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| Specific isometric strength (Strength/ACSA) | With IMAT torque·cm2 from ACSA it remained unchanged Without IMAT torque·cm2 from ACSA: Pre-IRT (63.8 N·cm−2 ± 5.6) Post-IRT (63.0, N·cm−2 ± 9.1) |
With IMAT torque·cm2 from ACSA it remained unchanged Without IMAT torque·cm2 from ACSA: Pre-HIIT 66.4 N·cm−2 ± 6.1; Post-HIIT 60.8 N·cm−2 ± 7.5 |
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| Neuromuscular activation | ↑ Post-IRT compared to Pre-IRT (p = 0.011) | - | ||||||||||||||
Notes: BMI: body mass index; IG: intervention group; CG: control group; HIIT: high-intensity interval training; TST: traditional strength training; TPT: traditional power training; Wmax: maximal workload; RPE: rate of perceived exertion; HRmax: maximal heart rate; RHR: resting heart rate; WRpeak: peak work rate; PP: peak power; LfHIIT: lower-frequency HIIT; PCSA: physiological cross-sectional area; IMAT: intermuscular adipose tissue; ACSA: anatomical cross-sectional area; PCSA: physiological cross-sectional area; IRT: iso-inertial resistance training; MVC: maximal voluntary contraction.