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. 2024 Feb 20;25(5):2454. doi: 10.3390/ijms25052454

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© 2024 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Diagram depicting the mechanism of neuroprotective effect of siponimod/BAF312. The potential mechanism of neuroprotective effect of siponimod/BAF312 is to reverse TNFα-driven neuroinflammation by affecting genes mainly involved in apoptosis, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, MAPK/NFκB signaling pathways, and cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction. Siponimod/BAF312 decreases neuronal apoptosis through relieving oxidative stress in human neuronal cells, as shown in the schematic model.