Table 2.
The impact of long COVID on mental health and quality of life.
| Mental Symptoms: Parameters | Total (n = 390) n (%) |
Long COVID | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | |||
| Depression: PHQ-9 | ||||
| None to minimal (0–4) | 357 (91.8) | 270 (89.1) | 87 (100) | 0.035 |
| Mild (5–9) | 17 (4.4) | 17 (5.6) | 0 | |
| Moderate (10–14) | 13 (3.3) | 13 (4.3) | 0 | |
| Moderately severe (15–19) | 2 (0.5) | 2 (0.7) | 0 | |
| Anxiety: GAD-7 | ||||
| No anxiety | 257 (65.9) | 182 (60.1) | 75 (86.2) | <0.001 |
| Minimal (1–4) | 117 (30.0) | 105 (34.7) | 12 (13.8) | |
| Mild (5–9) | 11 (2.8) | 11 (3.6) | 0 | |
| Moderate (10–14) | 5 (1.3) | 5 (1.7) | 0 | |
| Severe (≥15) | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| PTSD: 2P, PISCES-10 | ||||
| No | 3 (0.8) | 3 (0.8) | 0 | |
| Yes | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.3) | 0 | |
| Sleep quality: Thai-PSQI | ||||
| Normal | 258 (66.7) | 187 (61.9) | 71 (83.5) | <0.001 |
| Poor | 129 (33.3) | 115 (38.1) | 14 (16.5) | |
| Daytime sleepiness: Thai-ESS | ||||
| Lower normal daytime symptoms (0–5) | 316 (81) | 242.0 (79.9) | 74 (85.1) | 0.390 |
| Higher normal daytime symptoms (6–10) | 65 (16.7) | 52.0 (17.2) | 13 (14.9) | |
| Mild excessive daytime symptoms (11–12) | 6 (1.5) | 6.0 (2) | 0 | |
| Moderate excessive daytime symptoms (13–15) | - | 0 | 0 | |
| Severe excessive daytime symptoms (16–24) | 3 (0.8) | 3.0(1.0) | 0 | |
| Daytime function: FOSQ-10 | ||||
| Normal | 387 (99.2) | 300 (99.0) | 87 (100) | 0.351 |
| Poor (<18) | 3 (0.8) | 3.0 (1.0) | 0 | |
| H-QoL: SF-12 (Mean ± SD) | 49.0 ± 4.0 | |||
| Physical | 83.25 ± 11.75 | 81.38 ± 12.37 | 89.77 ± 5.65 | <0.001 |
| Mental | 82.30 ± 8.50 | 81.30 ± 8.87 | 85.78 ± 5.92 | <0.001 |