Figure 4.

Breast cancer MPS models must reflect patient-specific tumor heterogeneity by incorporating patient-derived tumor cells and associated stroma. Patient demographics, including sex, race, BMI, and health status, are driving factors in breast cancer etiology, progression, and response to treatment. As residents of the breast tissue stroma, adipocytes and ASCs also impact both the normal breast physiology and the pathology attributed to cancer development. Current preclinical models include 2D and 3D co-culture systems and spheroids and organoids, as well as more complex systems including microfluidic devices and bioprinted microenvironments. The engraftment of human breast cancer and adipose-derived cells and tissues in murine models in patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models has become a widely accepted model due to its clinical relevancy. Created with Biorender.com (accessed on 19 October 2023).