Table 3.
Psychometric properties examined in studies establishing childhood vaccine confidence measures
| Vaccine confidence measure, year published | Factor structure | Internal consistency reliability | Test-retest reliability | Cognitive interviewing | Convergent and discriminant validity | Criterion validity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| The Immunisation Beliefs and Intentions Measure (IBIM), 2010 [30] a | ✖ | ✔ | ✖ | ✔ | ✖ | ✔ |
| Parent Attitudes about Childhood Vaccines (PACV) survey, 2011 [19,20,31,49–56] | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
| Vaccine Confidence Scale (VCS), 2014 [32,57,58] b | ✔ | ✔ | ✖ | ✖ | ✖ | ✔ |
| Vaccine Conspiracy Beliefs Scale (VCBS), 2014 [33] b | ✔ | ✔ | ✖ | ✖ | ✔ | ✔ |
| Concerns, attitudes, beliefs and intentions of parents about vaccines for their child (CABI-V), 2015 [35] a | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✖ | ✔ |
| Vaccine Hesitancy Scale (VHS), 2015 [36,37,59–61] b | ✔ | ✔ | ✖ | ✖ | ✔ | ✔ |
| Vaccination Scale (VS), 2015 [38] | ✖ | ✔ | ✖ | ✖ | ✖ | ✔ |
| Vaccine Confidence Project™, 2016 [39] | ✖ | ✖ | ✖ | ✖ | ✖ | ✖ |
| Vaccination Psychological Empowerment Scale (VPES), 2017 [40,41] | ✔ | ✔ | ✖ | ✖ | ✔ | ✔ |
| The Vaccination Attitudes Examination (VAX) Scale, 2017 [42,62] | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✖ | ✔ | ✔ |
| 5C Antecedents of Vaccine Acceptance (5C), 2018 [43] b | ✔ | ✔ | ✖ | ✖ | ✔ | ✔ |
| Vaccine Acceptance Instrument (VAI), 2018 [44] | ✔ | ✔ | ✖ | ✖ | ✔ | ✖ |
| Caregiver Vaccination Attitudes Scale (CVAS), 2019 [45•] | ✔ | ✔ | ✖ | ✖ | ✖ | ✔ |
| Emory Vaccine Confidence Index (EVCI), 2019 [46•] | ✔ | ✔ | ✖ | ✖ | ✖ | ✔ |
Note. ✔ = Examined in at least one study. ✖ = Not examined. Internal consistency reliability: Examined a measure of the average correlations between pairs of items in the measure. Test-retest reliability: Examined the correlation of the measure administered at two different times. Cognitive interviewing: Used cognitive interviewing techniques to see whether participants assigned the same meaning to the items that researchers intended (see Table 1). Convergent and discriminant validity: Examined whether the measure correlated with conceptually similar scales and not with conceptually unrelated measures. Criterion validity: Examined the correlation of the measure with vaccination intention or behaviour. These definitions came primarily from two sources [47,48]. The codes are based on two coders independent evaluation of the studies. Supplementary Material S2 provides more information on the measures’ reliability and validity. Factor structure: Examined whether the measure had subscales.
Measure added to our review based on expert feedback.
Measure that authors of this review developed.