Table 2.
Frailty assessment tool.
| Scale | Instrument Type | Characteristics | Validation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) [6,7,14,16,17] | Frailty screening instrument | The Clinical Frailty Scale is a 9-point scale, delineating distinct levels of frailty. Beginning at 1 (representing very fit), the scale progresses through increasing stages of frailty, reaching 8 (indicating very severely frail), and concluding at 9 (signifying a terminally ill condition). | Criterion validity |
| Fried phenotype of frailty [2,9,14] | Frailty screening instrument | The five frailty criteria are weight loss, exhaustion, low physical activity, slowness, and weakness. The cumulative score of these criteria categorises individuals into one of three frailty stages (or groups): not frail (score 0), pre-frail (score 1–2), and frail (score 3–5). | Criterion validity |
| Hospital Frailty Risk Score (HFRS) [11] | Frailty risk assessment instrument | The Hospital Frailty Risk Score (HFRS) is employed to detect frailty in hospitalised patients, assigning a numerical score based on the presence of specific ICD-10 codes documented in the individual’s previous hospitalization records. The risk of frailty is categorised as low (<5 points), intermediate (5–15 points), or high (15 points). A patient with at least 5 points is considered frail. | Criterion validity |
| Frail Scale [3,5] | Frailty screening instrument | The Frail Scale is composed of 5 items: fatigue, resistance, ambulation, illness, and loss of weight. Scores ranged from zero to five points (1 point for each component; 0 = best to 5 = worst) and represent frail (3–5), pre-frail (1–2), and robust (0) health status. | Internal consistency (Cronbach’s Alpha value) |
| Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA) [10] | Frailty assessment instrument | Within the Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA), evaluation tools encompass two frailty measures: the FRAIL scale and the Groningen Frailty Indicator (GFI). The FRAIL scale is a concise questionnaire consisting of five items, with scores ranging from zero (not frail) to five (most frail). Individuals scoring one are categorised as pre-frail, while a score of two or more indicates frailty. The GFI assesses frailty across physical, cognitive, social, and psychological domains, utilizing a cut-off threshold of ≥4 out of 15. | Internal consistency (Cronbach’s Alpha value) |
| Dutch Safety Management System (VMS) [4] | Frailty risk assessment instrument | The VMS screener identifies patients (aged 70 years or older) at risk for delirium, falls, malnutrition, and functional impairment who require preventive measures. The VMS score was calculated by adding up all positive domains, resulting in a score ranging from zero to four. For patients aged 70 to 80 years, a score of ≥3 indicates frailty; in patients aged ≥80 years, a score of 1 indicates frailty. |
Internal consistency (Cronbach’s Alpha value) |