Figure 1.

Pathophysiological mechanisms dependent on mitochondrial dysfunction in HF. Figure legend: Mitochondrial dysfunction is a typical feature of HF, being either a consequence or a cause of disease, and it leads to several molecular effects. The most relevant cellular pathways that are dysregulated in this condition, ending up as increased ROS level, are represented in the figure. The consequent cellular damage aggravates the disease contributing to HF progression. Abbreviations: ATP, adenosine triphosphate; DAMPs, damage-associated molecular patterns; ETC, electron transport chain; mPTP, mitochondrial permeability transition pore; NCLX, mitochondrial Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchanger; OXPHOS, oxidative phosphorylation system; ROS, reactive oxygen species.