Figure 2.

Evaluation of the left atrium (LA) by three-dimensional (3D) speckle-tracking echocardiography. Typically, several views are automatically created during LA assessment using a dedicated vendor-provided software: apical longitudinal four-chamber (A) and two-chamber (B) views and basal (C3), midventricular (C5), and superior (C7) short-axis views. In a 3D LA model (D), the LA volumes (E), the LA global (represented by the white curve) and segmental (represented by colored curves) longitudinal (F) strain curves with time, and the LA volume changes’ curve with time (dashed white curve) are also presented. Abbreviations: LA = left atrium; LV = left ventricle; EF = ejection fraction; EDV = end-diastolic volume; ESV = end-systolic volume; MASS = LA muscle mass; RA = right atrium; RV = right ventricle; Vmin = minimum LA volume at end-diastole; VpreA = LA volume before atrial contraction at early diastole; and Vmax = maximum LA volume at end-systole.