Table 2.
Adjustment potential confounders of included studies.
| First author reference, year | Adjustment for potential confounders in the primary analysis |
|---|---|
| Luo et al. (2023) (19) | Age, gender, education level, marital status, smoking status, drinking status, physical activity, overweight/obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia, and total energy. |
| Wu et al. (2023) (21) | Age, sex, area, ethnicity, marital status, education, income, occupation, smoking status, metabolic equivalent, energy, sweetened beverage, dietary supplements, spicy food, pepper food, insomnia symptoms, depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, menopause status for women, family history of cardiometabolic diseases, hypertension, stroke, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and coronary heart disease |
| Kong et al. (2023) (20) | Sex, age, geographic region, family income, maternal education, family history of hyperuricemia or gout, physical activity, overweight or obesity, puberty status, total energy intake, and other dietary patterns. |
| Li et al. (2022) (45) | Age, living status, education level, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and total energy intake |
| Yang et al. (2022) (14) | Age, gender, BMI, urban and rural, income, education, marital status, smoking, alcohol drinking, static status, sleeping time, and total energy intake groups |
| Zhou et al. (2022) (15) | Gender, age, residence, education level, alcohol consumption, smoking status, BMI, hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia |
| Li et al. (2022) (16) | Age, BMI, gender, and ethnicity |
| Zhang et al. (2021) (17) | Sex, age, BMI, smoking status, alcohol consumption status, education levels, employment status, household income, physical activity, family history of the disease (including CVD, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes), depressive symptoms, MetS, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, total energy intake, other dietary pattern scores, glomerular filtration rate, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein |
| Shi et al. (2021) (18) | Age, gender, intake of energy, education, income, urbanization level, smoking, alcohol drinking, physical activity, overweight/obesity, hypertension, and diabetes |
| Xia et al. (2018) (41) | Sex, age, BMI, physical activity, energy intake, education level, household income, smoking status, drinking status, employment status, and metabolic syndrome status |
| Liu et al. (2018) (42) | Age group, gender, BMI, smoking, drinking, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. |
| He et al. (2017) (43) | Gender, age, education level, physical activity level, smoking status, alcohol use, hypertension, BMI, and total energy intake |
| Zhang et al. (2012) (37) | Age, sex, education level, physical activity, smoking status, drinking status, BMI, and blood lipids |
BMI, body mass index.