Table 3.
Subgroup analyses for the association between dietary pattern and hyperuricemia risk.
| Plant-based dietary pattern | Animal foods dietary pattern | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of study | OR (95%CI) | I2(%) | P* | P** | No. of study | OR (95%CI) | I2(%) | P* | P** | |
| Overall | 10 | 0.83 (0.72–0.94) | 72.9 | <0.01 | 11 | 1.36 (1.25–1.47) | 26.7 | 0.19 | ||
| Subgroup analyses | ||||||||||
| Study design | 0.52 | 0.44 | ||||||||
| Cohort study | 1 | 0.79 (0.72–0.87) | N/A | N/A | 1 | 1.24 (1.13–1.37) | N/A | N/A | ||
| Case–control study | 2 | 0.52 (0.17–1.58) | 91.2 | <0.01 | 2 | 1.62 (1.20, 2.20) | 23.9 | 0.25 | ||
| Cross-sectional study | 7 | 0.87 (0.74–1.03) | 70.3 | <0.01 | 8 | 1.38 (1.27, 1.50) | 1.5 | 0.42 | ||
| Sample size | 0.55 | 0.59 | ||||||||
| ≥ median | 5 | 0.78 (0.73–0.84) | 0 | 0.64 | 5 | 1.38 (1.25, 1.52) | 35.8 | 0.18 | ||
| < median | 5 | 0.84 (0.61–1.15) | 81.8 | <0.01 | 6 | 1.32 (1.12, 1.55) | 30.2 | 0.21 | ||
| Study quality | 0.46 | 0.07 | ||||||||
| High quality | 6 | 0.76 (0.61–0.95) | 75.2 | <0.01 | 6 | 1.30 (1.13, 1.50) | 41.9 | 0.13 | ||
| Moderate quality | 4 | 0.88 (0.72–1.08) | 76.1 | <0.01 | 5 | 1.44 (1.31, 1.58) | 0 | 0.94 | ||
| Dietary pattern identified | 0.88 | 0.05 | ||||||||
| Factor analysis | 3 | 0.80 (0.72–0.88) | 0 | 0.50 | 3 | 1.49 (1.33–1.66) | 0 | 0.97 | ||
| principal component analysis | 7 | 0.82 (0.67–1.01) | 80.8 | <0.01 | 8 | 1.29 (1.18–1.42) | 15.8 | 0.31 | ||
| Varimax rotation for dietary pattern | 0.64 | 0.82 | ||||||||
| Yes | 9 | 0.84 (0.73–0.97) | 74.2 | <0.01 | 10 | 1.35 (1.24, 1.48) | 33.1 | 0.14 | ||
| No | 1 | 0.70 (0.56–0.87) | N/A | N/A | 1 | 1.40 (1.13–1.74) | N/A | N/A | ||
| Adjustment for potential confounders | ||||||||||
| Total energy intake | 0.87 | 0.55 | ||||||||
| Yes | 6 | 0.82 (0.74–0.92) | 48.2 | 0.08 | 7 | 1.34 (1.20, 1.49) | 41.4 | 0.10 | ||
| No | 4 | 0.76 (0.52–1.12) | 86.6 | <0.01 | 4 | 1.41 (1.23, 1.62) | 0 | 0.53 | ||
| Education level | 0.13 | 0.99 | ||||||||
| Yes | 8 | 0.77 (0.67–0.89) | 78.7 | <0.01 | 9 | 1.36 (1.23, 1.50) | 41.1 | 0.09 | ||
| No | 2 | 1.07 (0.91–1.26) | 0 | 0.56 | 2 | 1.36 (1.13, 1.64) | 0 | 0.85 | ||
| Physical activity | 0.65 | 0.20 | ||||||||
| Yes | 5 | 0.77 (0.60–0.99) | 79.0 | <0.01 | 6 | 1.33 (1.15, 1.53) | 47.2 | 0.09 | ||
| No | 5 | 0.85 (0.71–1.02) | 71.4 | <0.01 | 5 | 1.43 (1.30, 1.57) | 0 | 0.91 | ||
*P-Value for heterogeneity within each subgroup. **P-Value for heterogeneity between subgroups with meta-regression analysis.