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. 2023 Oct 9;54(2):347–373. doi: 10.1007/s40279-023-01931-z

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — Forest plot for meta-analysis III illustrating the effect of imagery on sport performance outcomes in athletes in comparison to controls. Effect sizes are the standardized mean difference (SMD [Hedges’ g]) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Black squares are individual effect sizes and the square size represent the relative weight. Black rhombuses are the summary effect size estimate for the random-effect (RE) model with model-based variance estimates and with robust variance estimates (RVE). a and b are separate performance outcomes in the same study