Table 2.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of headache according to coffee consumption in participants with migraine.
| No-to-low coffee consumption, N = 54 | Moderate coffee consumption, N = 83 | High coffee consumption, N = 33 | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, median (IQR) | 36.0 (27.0–43.0) | 42.0 (36.0–50.0) | 42.0 (36.5–45.5) | 0.001§† |
| Sex, women, N (%) | 41 (75.9) | 68 (81.9) | 20 (60.6) | 0.053 |
| Body mass index, median (IQR) | 22.2 (20.4–24.9) | 22.9 (20.4–25.0) | 23.3 (20.7–26.3) | 0.594 |
| Monthly headache days, median (IQR) | 3.0 (2.0–10.0) | 3.0 (2.0–5.0) | 2.0 (1.5–5.0) | 0.084 |
| Monthly severe headache days, median (IQR) | 3.0 (1.0–5.0) | 2.0 (1.0–3.0) | 1.0 (1.0–3.5) | 0.172 |
| Monthly acute medication days, median (IQR) | 2.0 (1.0–5.0) | 2.0 (1.0–5.0) | 2.0 (1.0–4.5) | 0.886 |
| NRS for headache intensity, median (IQR) | 7.0 (7.0–8.0) | 7.0 (7.0–8.0) | 7.0 (7.0–8.0) | 0.337 |
| Unilateral pain, N (%) | 27 (50.0) | 45 (54.2) | 19 (57.6) | 0.777 |
| Pulsating quality, N (%) | 30 (55.6) | 56 (67.5) | 21 (63.6) | 0.368 |
| Exacerbation by routine physical activity, N (%) | 45 (83.3) | 66 (79.5) | 27 (81.8) | 0.851 |
| Nausea, N (%) | 38 (70.4) | 58 (69.9) | 24 (72.7) | 0.954 |
| Vomiting, N (%) | 22 (40.7) | 42 (50.6) | 18 (54.5) | 0.382 |
| Photophobia, N (%) | 39 (72.2) | 62 (74.7) | 24 (72.7) | 0.943 |
| Phonophobia, N (%) | 39 (72.2) | 73 (88.0) | 25 (75.8) | 0.055 |
| MIDAS, median (IQR) | 12.0 (6.0–37.0) | 14.0 (6.0–27.0) | 13.0 (5.5–29.5) | 0.515 |
| Anxiety, N (%) | 28 (51.9) | 27 (32.5) | 12 (36.4) | 0.072 |
| Depression, N (%) | 17 (31.5) | 10 (12.0) | 3 (9.1) | 0.003§† |
| Insomnia, N (%) | 12 (22.2) | 14 (16.9) | 6 (18.2) | 0.732 |
| Stress, N (%) | 33 (61.1) | 28 (33.7) | 10 (30.3) | 0.002§† |
| Preventive medication use, N (%) | 3 (5.6) | 5 (6.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.361 |
| Current smoking, N (%) | 11 (20.4) | 7 (8.4) | 18 (54.5) | < 0.001†‡ |
For the p-values, categorical variables were compared using the Pearson’s χ2 test and the continuous variables were assessed using the Kruskal–Wallis test or analysis of covariance adjusted for age, sex, and body index mass.
§There was a significant difference between no-to-low coffee consumption and moderate coffee consumption in a post hoc analysis.
†There was a significant difference between no-to-low coffee consumption and high coffee consumption in a post hoc analysis.
‡There was a significant difference between moderate coffee consumption and high coffee consumption in a post hoc analysis.
IQR interquartile range, NRS numerical rating scale, MIDAS migraine disability assessment.