Table 2.

Association between drinking behaviors and depressive symptoms among study participants.

Covariates	Study participants (n = 21,440)
	Males (n = 9290)				Females (n = 12,150)
	OR	95% CI		p	OR	95% CI		p
Past-year drinking frequency
Have not drunk at all	1.00				1.00
1–4 times a month	0.64	0.43	0.94	0.024	0.73	0.61	0.88	0.001
Twice a week or more	0.89	0.58	1.38	0.612	0.78	0.59	1.04	0.087
Amount of alcohol consumed per occasion
1–2 drinks or less	1.00				1.00
3–6 drinks	0.86	0.58	1.26	0.427	1.09	0.87	1.37	0.448
7 drinks or more	1.25	0.86	1.83	0.240	1.63	1.22	2.16	0.001
Age of alcohol initiation
19 or below	1.29	1.00	1.66	0.048	1.03	0.84	1.25	0.804
20 or above	1.00				1.00

The results presented above are adjusted for sleep duration, demographic variables, and health-related variables.

CI confidence interval, OR odds ratio.

Significant values are in bold, indicating significance at p < 0.05, p < 0.01, or p < 0.001 levels.