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. 2024 Mar 12;14:6008. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-49501-7

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Flowchart of records selection. *Participants from British Columbia and Quebec could not be linked with administrative data as they do not provide the relevant data to the Canadian Institute for Health Information. Also, participants from British Columbia were included only in the hospitalization-based analysis, as this province does not provide data on ICD-10 codes for ED visits.