Table 1.
Projection areas from LMVN GABAergic neurons
| Brain area | Axon | Brain area | Axon |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cerebral cortex | Ventromedial preoptic nucleus | + | |
| Agranular insular cortex | – | Hypothalamus | |
| Cingulate cortex | – | Accessory olfactory tract | + |
| Dorsal peduncular cortex | – | Anterior hypothalamic area | + |
| Dysgranular insular cortex | – | Anteroventral periventricular nucleus | + |
| Granular insular cortex | – | Arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus | + |
| Indusium griseum | – | Dorsal hypothalamic area | + |
| Infralimbic cortex | – | Dorsal tuberomammillary nucleus | ++ |
| Neocortex (all four lobes) | – | Dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus | ++ |
| Prelimbic cortex | – | ♦ Lateral hypothalamic area (LH) | +++ |
| Rhinencephalon | ○ Lateral mammillary nucleus (LM) | +++ | |
| Organum vasculosum | + | Lateral part of the supramammillary nucleus (SuML) | ++ |
| Piriform area | – | Lateral preoptic area | ++ |
| Tenia tecta | – | Medial mammillary nucleus (MM) | + |
| Basal forebrain and septum | ♦ Medial part of the supramammillary nucleus (SuMM) | +++ | |
| Fornix | + | Median eminence | – |
| Lambdoid septal zone | + | Nigrostriatal tract | + |
| Lateral septal nucleus | + | Parasubthalamic nucleus | + |
| Medial forebrain bundle | + | Paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus | + |
| Medial septal nucleus (MS) | ++ | Pedunclar part of lateral hypothalamus | ++ |
| Nucleus basalis of Meynert | + | ♦ Posterior hypothalamic area (PH) | +++ |
| ♦ Nucleus of the horizontal limb of the diagonal band (HDB) | +++ | Premammillary nucleus | ++ |
| ♦ Nucleus of the vertical limb of the diagonal band (VDB) | +++ | Retrochiasmatic area | + |
| Septofimbrial nucleus | + | Septohypothalamic nucleus | ++ |
| Substantia innominata (SI) | ++ | Stria terminalis | + |
| Ventral pallidum | + | Subincertal nucleus | ++ |
| Basal ganglia and claustrum | Subparaventricular zone | + | |
| Claustrum | – | Suprachiasmatic nucleus | + |
| Endopiriform claustrum | + | Supraoptic decussations | ++ |
| Globus pallidus | – | Supraoptic nucleus | + |
| Nucleus accumbens | + | ♦ Tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN) | +++ |
| Striatum | – | Ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus | + |
| Subthalamic nucleus | + | Amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis | + |
| Epithalamus | Basolateral nucleus of the amygdala | – | |
| Lateral habenula | – | Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis | + |
| Medial habenula | – | Cortex-amygdala transition zone | – |
| Stria medullaris | + | Cortical amygdaloid area | + |
| Thalamus | Extended amygdala | ++ | |
| Anterior pretectal nucleus | ++ | Medial amygdaloid nucleus | + |
| Dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus | + | Mentral amygdaloid nucleus | + |
| Intergeniculate leaf | – | Nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract | + |
| Medial lemniscus (mL) | + | Hippocampus | |
| Mediodorsal thalamic nucleus, lateral part | + | CA1 field | – |
| Nucleus of the fields of Forel | + | CA2 field | – |
| Nucleus of the posterior commissure | ++ | CA3 field | – |
| Nucleus reuniens | + | Dentate gyrus | – |
| Paracentral thalamic nucleus | + | Septohippocampal nucleus | + |
| Parafascicular thalamic nucleus | + | Midbrain | |
| Paratenial nucleus | + | Anterior pretectal nucleus | + |
| Posterior intralaminar thalamic nucleus | + | Central nucleus of the inferior colliculus | – |
| Posterior thalamic nuclear group | + | Deep gray layer of the superior colliculus | + |
| Precommissural nucleus | + | Deep white layer of the superior colliculus | + |
| Rhomboid nucleus | + | Dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve | + |
| Submedius thalamic nucleus | + | Dorsal raphe nucleus (DR) | ++ |
| Subparafascicular thalamic nucleus | + | Dorsolateral periaqueductal gray (dlPAG) | + |
| Thalamic reticular nucleus | + | Dorsomedial periaqueductal gray (dmPAG) | + |
| Subthalamus | External nucleus of the inferior colliculus | + | |
| Anteromedial thalamic nucleus | + | Interfascicular nucleus | + |
| Centrolateral thalamic nucleus | + | Interpeduncular nucleus, caudal subnucleus (IPC) | + |
| Centromedial thalamic nucleus | + | Interpeduncular nucleus, dorsolateral subnucleus (IPDL) | – |
| Fields of Forel | + | Interpeduncular nucleus, dorsomedial subnucleus (IPDM) | + |
| Interanteromedial thalamic nucleus | ++ | ♦ Interpeduncular nucleus, intermediate subnucleus (IPI) | +++ |
| Paraventricular thalamic nucleus | ++ | ♦ Interpeduncular nucleus, lateral subnucleus (IPL) | +++ |
| Zona incerta | ++ | Interpeduncular nucleus, rostral subnucleus (IPR) | ++ |
| Preoptic Area | ○ Interstitial nucleus of Cajal (InC) | +++ | |
| Magnocellular preoptic nucleus | + | Lateral periaqueductal gray (lPAG) | ++ |
| Medial preoptic area | + | ♦ Median raphe nucleus (MnR) | +++ |
| Medial preoptic nucleus | + | Mesencephalic reticular formation | ++ |
| Median preoptic nucleus | + | ○ Nucleus of Darkshevich (Dk) | +++ |
| Parastrial nucleus | + | Nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus | + |
| Ventrolateral preoptic nucleus | ++ | ○ Oculomotor nucleus (3N) | +++ |
| ○ Oculomotor nucleus, parvicellular part (3PC) | +++ | ○ Paraabducens nucleus (Pa6) | +++ |
| Parabigeminal nucleus | + | Parvocellular reticular nucleus (PCRt) | ++ |
| ♦ Paramedian raphe nucleus (PMnR) | +++ | Pedunculopontine nucleus (PPT) | ++ |
| Paranigal nucleus | + | Pontine nuclei | + |
| Pararubral nucleus | + | Pontine reticular nucleus (Pn) | + |
| Paratrochlear nucleus | + | Posterodorsal tegmental nucleus | ++ |
| Pre-Edinger-Westphal nucleus | ++ | Principal sensory trigeminal nucleus | ++ |
| Red nucleus | + | Raphe interpositus nucleus | + |
| Retrorubral field | + | Superior cerebellar peduncle | + |
| Retrorubral nucleus | ++ | Superior olive | + |
| Rostral linear nucleus | + | ○ Superior vestibular nucleus (SVN) | ++++ |
| Subpeduncular tegmental nucleus | ++ | Supragenual nucleus | ++ |
| Substantia nigra | + | Supratrigeminal nucleus | ++ |
| Superficial gray layer of the superior colliculus | + | Trigeminal motor nucleus | + |
| Superior colliculus | + | Trigeminal nerve | ++ |
| ○ Supraoculomotor periaqueductal gray (Su3) | +++ | Trigeminal transition zone | + |
| Supraoculomotor cap (Su3C) | ++ | Ventral cochlear nucleus | + |
| Trochlear nucleus (4N) | ++ | Vestibular nerve | + |
| Ventral tegmental area | + | ○ Vestibulomesencephalic tract (veme) | +++ |
| ♦ Ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) | +++ | Medulla | |
| Pons | Ambiguous nucleus | + | |
| A5 cell group | + | Caudoventrolateral reticular nucleus | + |
| A7 cell group | + | Cuneate nucleus | ++ |
| ○ Abducens nucleus (6N) | +++ | ○ Descending vestibular nucleus (DVN) | ++++ |
| Anterior tegmental nucleus | + | Dorsal paragigantocellular nucleus (DPGi) | ++ |
| Barrington’s nucleus | ++ | Dorsal part of the medullary reticular nucleus | + |
| Central gray, alpha part (CGA) | ++ | ○ External cuneate nucleus (ECu) | +++ |
| ♦ Central gray, beta part (CGB) | +++ | Gigantocellular reticular nucleus (Gi) | ++ |
| Central gray, gamma part (CGG) | ++ | Gigantocellular reticular nucleus, alpha part (GiA) | + |
| Dorsal cochlear nucleus | ++ | Gigantocellular reticular nucleus, ventral part (GiV) | + |
| Dorsal lateral parabrachial nucleus, | + | ○ Hypoglossal nucleus (12N) | +++ |
| Dorsal tegmental nucleus (DTg) | + | Inferior olive | ++ |
| Dorsomedial spinal trigeminal nucleus | + | Intermediate reticular nucleus | + |
| ○ Dorsomedial tegmental area (DMTg) | +++ | Intermedius nucleus of the medulla | + |
| External lateral parabrachial nucleus | ++ | Interposed cerebellar nucleus | + |
| Facial nucleus | – | Lateral paragigantocellular nucleus (LPGi) | + |
| Intermediate nucleus of the lateral lemniscus | ++ | Lateral reticular nucleus | ++ |
| ♦ Kolliker-Fuse nucleus (KF) | ++++ | ○ Medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) | +++ |
| ♦ Lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPB) | +++ | Nucleus of Roller | + |
| ○ Lateral vestibular nucleus (LVN) | ++++ | Nucleus prepositus (PRP) | ++ |
| ♦ Laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDTg) | +++ | Nucleus raphe obscurus | + |
| Locus coeruleus (LC) | ++ | ○ Nucleus x (X) | +++ |
| Longitudinal fasciculus of the pons | + | ○ Nucleus y (Y) | +++ |
| ♦ Medial parabrachial nucleus (MPB) | +++ | Parvicellular part of the lateral cerebellar nucleus | ++ |
| ○ Medial vestibular nucleus magnocellular part (MVNMC) | ++++ | Retroambiguus nucleus | + |
| ○ Medial vestibular nucleus, parvicellular part (MVNPC) | +++ | Rostral ventral respiratory group | + |
| Motor root of the trigeminal nerve | + | Solitary nucleus (NST) | ++ |
| ○ Nucleus of origin of efferents of the vestibular nerve (EVe) | +++ | Spinal trigeminal nucleus | ++ |
| Nucleus of the trapezoid body | + | Cerebellum | |
| Nucleus raphe magnus | + | ○ Flocculus (FI) | +++ |
| Nucleus raphe pontis | + | Lobule I, II, III, IV, and V | + |
| Nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis | ++ | Medial cerebellar nucleus | + |
The relative densities of GFP-positive axons in individual brain areas (n = 3 mice). ++++, highly dense; +++, dense; ++, moderately dense; +, sparse; -, highly sparse. Of the areas with dense (≥+++) axons of LMVN GABAergic neurons, black diamonds and open circles are shown in sleep-wake-related areas and vestibular-related areas, respectively. See also Figures 5 and 6.