Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies (n=41).
| Study characteristics | Values, n (%) | |
| Year of publication | ||
|
|
Before 2020 | 22 (54) |
|
|
2020 or later | 19 (46) |
| Country | ||
|
|
United States | 13 (32) |
|
|
Germanya,b | 13 (32) |
|
|
South Korea | 3 (7) |
|
|
Switzerlanda,b | 2 (5) |
|
|
United Kingdom | 2 (5) |
|
|
Other (European Union)b,c | 5 (12) |
|
|
Otherd | 6 (15) |
| Type of study design | ||
|
|
RCTe | 29 (71) |
|
|
Pilot RCT | 8 (20) |
|
|
Crossover RCT | 4 (10) |
| Study duration | ||
|
|
≤8 wk | 26 (63) |
|
|
>8 wk | 15 (37) |
| Sample population | ||
|
|
General population | 11 (27) |
|
|
Population considered at risk | 18 (44) |
|
|
Clinical population | 12 (29) |
| Target clinical outcome | ||
|
|
Treatment and monitoring | 17 (41) |
|
|
Education and training | 24 (59) |
| Target disorder | ||
|
|
Depression only | 17 (41) |
|
|
Mental well-being | 9 (22) |
|
|
Co-occurring depression and anxiety | 5 (12) |
|
|
Otherf | 10 (24) |
| Type of control | ||
|
|
Waitlist control | 18 (44) |
|
|
Active control | 15 (37) |
|
|
Treatment as usual | 8 (20) |
| Enrollment method | ||
|
|
Remote enrollment option only | 23 (56) |
|
|
In-person enrollment option provided | 16 (39) |
|
|
Not specified | 2 (5) |
| Session type | ||
|
|
Defined session length | 29 (71) |
|
|
User-determined session length | 12 (29) |
| Attrition range (%) | ||
|
|
0-10 | 13 (32) |
|
|
11-20 | 6 (15) |
|
|
21-30 | 11 (27) |
|
|
31-40 | 2 (5) |
|
|
41-50 | 3 (7) |
|
|
>50 | 6 (15) |
aConducted in both Switzerland and Germany.
bConducted in Switzerland, Germany, and Austria.
cIreland, Sweden, Italy, and the Netherlands.
dJapan, Ukraine, Argentina, New Zealand, China, and Russia.
eRCT: randomized controlled trial.
fAnxiety only, panic disorder, height phobia, gambling disorder, substance abuse, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, irritable bowel syndrome, eating disorder, and personality disorder.