Fig. 8.

MR sensitivity analysis of a potentially causal effect of heel bone mineral density (UKB-ID 3148) on T1 peripheral cortical GM volume (UKB-ID 25001). (A) Scatter plot showing associations of individual SNPs with exposure and outcome variables. Coloured lines indicate effect estimates from regression fits using different MR methods. (B) Funnel plot of single-SNP effect estimates and corresponding inverse standard errors. (C) Probability density of the estimated causal effect using a mixture model approach with MR-Mix. The dashed red line indicates the causal effect estimate. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)