. 2023 Oct;169:104407. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2023.104407

Table 2.

Parameter estimates for best fitting bivariate LCSMs of the lagged associations between changes in process measures and PTSD symptoms.

Parameter	PTCI - PDS			TMQ - PDS			UMQ - PDS			RIQ - PDS			SBQ - PDS
Parameter	EST (SE)	p	EST_STD	EST (SE)	p	EST_STD	EST (SE)	p	EST_STD	EST (SE)	p	EST_STD	EST (SE)	p	EST_STD
$C o v a r i a n c e o f r e s i d u a l s x a n d y (σ_{s u})$	0.04 (0.01)	<.001	0.36	0.03 (0.01)	<.001		0.10 (0.01)	<.001	0.38	0.02 (0.00)	<.001	0.36	0.02 (0.00)	<.001	0.25
$C o v a r i a n c e o f i n i t i a l s t a t u s x a n d y (σ_{l y 1, l x 1})$	0.53 (0.06)	<.001	0.78	0.28 (0.04)	<.001		0.80 (0.09)	<.001	0.79	0.23 (0.03)	<.001	0.76	0.22 (0.03)	<.001	0.62
Changes session 1 to 10 (Δ)
$Δ {C o g n i t i v e P r o c e s s}_{t - 1} \to Δ {P T S D}_{t} (ξ_{{l a g}_{x y}})$	0.52 (0.24)	.031	0.83	–	–	–	–	–	–	1.09 (0.35)	.002	0.85	0.85 (0.15)	<.001	0.76
$Δ {P T S D}_{t - 1} \to Δ {C o g n i t i v e P r o c e s s}_{t} (ξ_{{l a g}_{y x}})$	0.60 (0.56)	.277	0.29	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.10 (0.13)	.469	0.08	–	–	–
Changes session 1 to 10 (Δ₁) and 5 to 10 (Δ₂)
$Δ_{1} {C o g n i t i v e P r o c e s s}_{t - 1} \to Δ_{1} {P T S D}_{t} (ξ_{1 {l a g}_{x y}})$	–	–	–	0.13 (0.05)	.013	0.35	0.35 (0.12)	.004	0.97	–	–	–	–	–	–
$Δ_{2} {C o g n i t i v e P r o c e s s}_{t - 1} \to Δ_{2} {P T S D}_{t} (ξ_{2 {l a g}_{x y}})$	–	–	–	0.06 (0.09)	.533	0.10	0.48 (0.16)	.003	1.53	–	–	–	–	–	–
$Δ_{1} {P T S D}_{t - 1} \to Δ_{1} {C o g n i t i v e P r o c e s s}_{t} (ξ_{1 {l a g}_{y x}})$	–	–	–	0.72 (0.11)	<.001	0.19	1.40 (0.85)	.099	0.29	–	–	–	–	–	–
$Δ_{2} {P T S D}_{t - 1} \to Δ_{2} {C o g n i t i v e P r o c e s s}_{t} (ξ_{2 {l a g}_{y x}})$	–	–	–	0.75 (0.16)	<.001	0.66	0.18 (0.98)	.850	0.08	–	–	–	–	–	–

Note. EST = Unstandardized estimated parameter; SE = Standard error; EST_STD = Standardized estimated parameter (completely standardized solution); PDS = PTSD symptoms; PTCI = Negative appraisals; TMQ = Disorganized memories; UMQ = Flashback characteristics; RIQ = Unhelpful responses to intrusions; SBQ = Safety behaviors. - indicates parameter was not estimated. The $ξ_{{l a g}_{x y}}$ parameter estimates test the hypothesized effect that changes in PTSD symptoms ( $Δ {P T S D s y m p t o m s}_{(t)}$ ) are determined by prior changes in each cognitive process ( $Δ {C o g n i t i v e p r o c e s s}_{(t - 1)}$ ). For trauma memory characteristics this is tested during the first ( $ξ_{{1 l a g}_{x y}}$ ) and second ( $ξ_{2 {l a g}_{x y}}$ ) part of therapy.