SR	synchrotron radiation
SAXS	small angle X-ray scattering
SEI	solid electrolyte interface
GISAXS	grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering
GIXD	grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction
TEM	transmission electron microscopy
SEM	scanning electron microscopy
XRD	X-ray diffraction patterns
XPS	X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
TG	thermogravimetric analysis
CV	cyclic voltammetry
EIS	AC impedance spectrum
BET	Brunauer–Emmett–Teller
BJH	Barrett–Joyner–Halenda
Bi/C-30; Bi/C-60; Bi/C-90; Bi/C-120; Bi/C-150	material calcined for 30 min, 60 min, 90 min, 120 min, and 150 min
TBT	Tangent-by-Tangent
Rg	radius of gyration
NVFs	normalized volume fractions