Table 4.
QUADAS 2 methodological quality assessment results (risk of bias and applicability concerns).
| Study Author, Date |
Ref. | Risk of Bias | Applicability Concerns | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patient Selection | Index Test | Reference Standard | Flow and Timing | Patient Selection | Index Test | Reference Standard | ||
| Baumgartner et al. (1999) | [19] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Bar et al. (2010) | [20] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Nasr et al. (2013) | [21] | High | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Schlachetzki et al. (2012) | [22] | Low | Low | High | Low | Low | Low | High |
| Lange et al. (2015) | [23] | High | High | Low | Low | High | High | Low |
| Zunker et al. (2002) | [24] | High | Low | Low | Low | High | Low | Low |
| Yang et al. (2018) | [25] | High | Low | Low | Low | High | Low | Low |
| Tateishi et al. (2008) | [26] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Valaikiene et al. (2008) | [27] | Low | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Low |
| Kunz et al. (2006) | [28] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | High | Low |
| Herzberg et al. (2014) | [29] | Low | Low | High | Low | Low | Low | High |
| Tang et al. (2005) | [30] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Ogata et al. (2004) | [31] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Ogata et al. (2005 | [38] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Liu et al. (2021) | [41] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Liu et al. (2023) | [39] | Low | High | Low | Low | Low | Low | low |
| Gerriets et al. (2002) | [40] | Low | High | High | Low | Low | Low | High |
| Lien et al. (2001) | [32] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |