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. 2024 Feb 20;16(5):579. doi: 10.3390/nu16050579

Table 2.

Proposed Mechanisms in Plant-Based Dietary Pattern.

Compound/Nutrient Proposed Mechanism
Fibers

  1. Decrease the levels of estrogen in the blood, by increasing the excretion of estrogens through faecal [36,37].

  2. Regulating Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1); that stimulates cell growth and increases the risk of breast cancer [37].
Antioxidants

  1. Phytochemicals

  2. Vitamin C

  3. Vitamin E

 Protecting cells from mutations that cause breast cancer by reducing DNA damage induced by oxidative stress [37].
  • 1.
    Phytoestrogen
    • a.
      Lignans
  • 2.

    Phenolic Acids

 They have protective roles by influencing hormonal pathways, via antiproliferative, antioxidant, antiangiogenic and apoptotic properties [36,37].
Folate Affect gene expression on tumour suppressors by taking a role in DNA methylation [36].
Carotenoids

  1. Vitamin A carotenoids will be converted to retinol, retinol regulates cell growth, apoptosis differentiation and apoptosis [44].

  2. Acts as an antioxidant to inhibit DNA damage [44].