Table 4.

Clinical studies on different aonla extracts.

Type	Disease	Treatment	Description	Result	References
Humans	Cervical cancer	PE concentrations (10, 30, 100, 300 g/mL) with varied time.	PE prevented the formation of cervical cancer by inhibiting AP-1.	PE shows anti-AP-1 and anti-HPV activity which cures cervical cancer in human.	[49]
	Skin Cancer	Solution of PE 10, 50, and 100 μg/m.	PE assessment against UVB-induced keratinocyte inflammation and apoptosis was studied.	PE reduced inflammation and shielded HaCaT cells from UVB-induced oxidative damage.	[50]
	Oxidative stress	PE 600 g/mL.	Therapeutic potential of PE was investigated.	Antioxidants of PE extract treats inflammation by preventing the oxidative stress.	[51]
	Endothelial dysfunction	Dose of 250 and 500 mg of Phyllanthus emblica twice daily.	Effects of PE on ED, oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, and lipid profile of patients were investigated.	PE enhanced endothelial function considerable reduction was seen in RI, GSH, and ED.	[52]
	Aging in humans	The resilience of cells given 0.1 mg/mL PE extract treatment.	Effects of amla branch extract in delaying aging process was investigated.	Amla shows anti-aging properties, including skin lightening, wrinkle reduction, as well as improved elasticity and hydration.	[53]
Animals-Rat	Diabetes in rats	HMELEO dosage 100, 200, 300, and 400 mg/kg bodyweight orally for 45 days.	Diabetes caused by streptozotocin shows enhanced oxidative stress in rats.	EO extract shows hypoglycaemic effects, antidiabetic effect and decrease in oxidative stress.	[54]
	Premature ageing	Amlaki (capsule containing 500 mg of amla powder) 1 g/day once daily for 3 months.	Study conducted on 30 individuals with stress-related premature ageing.	Amalaki capsule slow down the effects of stress-related premature ageing.	[55]
	Gastric ulcer	Omeprazole/day dosage of 3 mg/kg and GAE dosage of 5 mg/kg per day for 3 days.	Indomethacin 18 mg/kg; administration of single dose resulted in stomach ulceration.	GAE shows anti-ulcerogenic property and speeds up the healing of ulcers.	[56]
	Oedema in mice	Malacca leaf ethanol extract dosage 300, 200, and 100 mg/kg b.w.	Carrageenan (1%), piroxicam suspension (20 mg), and Malacca leaf used to cause inflammation.	Malacca leaf ethanol extract cures oedema in mice.	[57]
	Cardiotoxicity in rats	ISP injections (85 mg/kg, given once per 24 h) and E. officinalis (100, 250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o.).	Cardiotoxicity in rats is induced by isoproterenol.	Antioxidant activity of E.O. is attributable to its cardio-protective potential, showing improvements in hemodynamic contractile function.	[58]
	Carcinogenic damage	Triphala dosage 3 mg/kg b.w. orally for 5 weeks in drinking water.	1,2-dimethylhydrazinedihydrochloride causes ER stress in mouse liver (DMH).	Triphala protects liver from early neoplastic changes brought on by DMH and ER stress.	[59]
	Alzheimer in rats	The aluminium chloride was administered along with the unprocessed amla powder 500 mg/kg and unfortified amla powder 300 mg/kg.	Disease was induced by injecting aluminium chloride intraperitoneally for 28 days with dosage of 4.2 mg/kg.	Antioxidant and radical-scavenging activities of amla shows neuroprotective behaviour in enhancing memory.	[60]
	Kidney injury	Dose of 125, 250, or 500 mg/ kg of PE extract daily.	CI-AKI resulted from the administration of intravenous iodinated contrast agents.	The antioxidant properties of aonla maintain renal function, and PE extract prevents CI-AKI.	[61]
	Tumour in mouse	P. emblica (10% sucrose, 18 days 100 mg/kg bodyweight/day.	PE lowers the expression of HIF-1 and endothelial cell antigen CD31 in mice xenograft tumours.	PE reduces HIF-1 expression and endothelial cell antigen CD31 in mice xenograft tumours.	[62]
	Chronic stress in rats	PE extract of 50 mg or 100 mg/kg bodyweight.	Effects of PE aqueous leaf extract on the changes in protein markers of stressed rats was investigated.	Modifications in testicular tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins; testicular injury in mice with CS is alleviated.	[63]
Fish	Atherosclerosis	E-EA was directly injected (10 g/mL final concentration) for 10 days.	Phytomedicines were examined for their influence on the in vivo development of atherosclerosis.	Inflammatory cells and vascular lipid were less prevalent in zebrafish larvae. E-EA prevents the onset of atherosclerosis.	[64]
	Inflammation in fish	Base diet supplemented with 0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg AFE for 8 weeks.	Effects of PE on skin mucosal immunity and serum protection was investigated.	Dose of 10 mg AFE kg used as an immunostimulant and growth promoter in Nile tilapia aquaculture.	[65]
Cow	Immunomodulation of bovine calves	EO and Tinospora cordifolia (2:1) dosage 450 mg/ kg bodyweight once daily for 28 days orally.	The immunomodulation of bovine calves is the subject of research.	Combinations of EO and TC have immunogenic effects and reduce calf mortality.	[66]
	Atherogenicity	Fresh aonla fruit 200, 400 and 600 g/day for 14 days.	Milk antioxidant properties and milk fatty acid ratios were investigated.	PE increases butter quality, antioxidant activity, and protein efficiency and decreases atherogenicity in cows.	[67]
Plants-Rice	Chromium toxicity in rice	Dose of 100 μMCr (K2Cr2O7) or Cr + P. emblica aqueous extract for 4–8 days.	Effects of APE in minimizing the Cr toxicity on rice seedlings was investigated.	Oxidative stress was lowered with the inhibition of the uptake of Cr, and APE reduces the effects of Cr on rice seedlings.	[68]

PE—Phyllanthus emblica; EO—Emblica officinalis; CV—Chandraprabhavati; HMELEO—hydro-methanolic extract of Emblica officinalis; GAE—gallic acid-enriched ethanolic extract; ISP—isoproterenol; DMH—1,2-dimethyl hydrazine dihydrochloride; ER—endoplasmic reticulum; CI-AKI—contrast-induced acute kidney injury; HaCaT—high sensitivity of human epidermal keratinocytes.