Table 1.

Summary of pharmacological studies of Rh. tomentosum.

Confirmed Biological Activity	Extract Type	Probable Active Compounds	Method Applied	Results	Source
Anticancer potential	Dried extracts obtained by extraction with water, 70% ethanol, isopropanol, acetone, and chloroform	May be attributed to ursolic acid as a constituent component	In vitro using primary human myeloid leukemia cell line patient samples, in vivro on mice engrafted with C1498 cells	This study demonstrated that extracts can exert anti-AML activity	[9]
Antidiabetic	Dried extracts obtained by extraction with 80% ethanol	Polyphenols	In vitro using the Caco-2 human enterocytic cell line and in vivo using an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)	These studies indicate a decrease in glucose absorption during an OGTT in normoglycemic rats and a significant decrease in the protein expression of SGLT1 and GLUT2 in CaCo2/15 cells	[10]
Antidiabetic potential	Dried extracts obtained by extraction with 80% ethanol	Chlorogenic acid, catechins, taxifolin, and quercetin glycosides	Using potentiation of basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by skeletal muscle cells (C2C12) and adipocytes (3T3-L1), potentiation of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion by pancreatic b cells (bTC), potentiation of adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells, protection against glucose toxicity and glucose deprivation in PC12-AC neuronal precursor cells, and DPPH oxygen free radical scavenging	The present study revealed that Rh. tomentosum exhibits a promising profile of antidiabetic potential and is a good candidate for more in-depth evaluation	[11]
Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities	Extract obtained by extraction with 70% ethanol and was fractionated by EtOAc	Unknown	Antioxidant by DPPH and ABTS assay. The anti-inflammatory activities by the inhibitory activity against NO, PGE2, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 production on LPS-stimulated raw 264.7 macrophages	Extracts have high antioxidant activities similar to vitamin C, and the low concentration of extracts have high anti-inflammatory activities	[12]
Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities	Essential oil, methanol extract, and aqueous extract	Flavonoid components	In vivo using model of acetic acid-induced writhing response and anti-inflammatory effect by using model of lambda-carrageenan-induced paw adema in mice	The analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of methanol extract	[13]
Anti-inflammatory effect	Novogalene agent Ledum 50 obtained by 50% ethanol	Polyphenolic compounds	In vivo model of acute bronchitis initiated by endotracheal administration of 1% formalin solution	Normalization of the histostructure of the respiratory system	[14]
Anti-inflammatory activity	Dried extracts obtained by extraction with water	Unknown	In vitro using evaluation of inhibitory activity on prostaglandin biosynthesis and platelet-activating factor (PAF)-induced exocytosis	High inhibition was obtained, prostaglandin inhibition 50 ± 4%, PAF–exocytosis inhibition 71 ± 3%	[15]
Toxic, antioxidant, and antifungal activity	Essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation	The major compounds were palustrol, ledol, ascaridol isomers, myrcene, and cyclocolorenone isomers	The toxic activity using a brine shrimp (Artemia sp.) bioassay, DPPH and ABTS assay, and antifungal activity by agar disc diffusion assay (Candida parapsilosis)	Notable toxic activity of essential oils, high abilities to scavenge radicals, possess potential antifungal activity	[16]
Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities	Essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation and methanol extracts	The major compounds sabinene, terpinen-4-ol, myrtenal, α-pinen, β-selinene, α-selinene, and γ-elemene	Antioxidant activity by TBARS, NBT, and DPPH assay and inhibition of lipid peroxide formation. Antimicrobial activity by MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) test and disc diffusion method	The methanol extract and essential oil showed antioxidant activity. The oil showed antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Clostridium perfringens, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Acinetobacter lwoffii, and Candida krusei, while the methanolic extracts exhibited slight or no activity	[17]
Antioxidant activities	Essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation, extract obtained by extraction with 70% ethanol	The major compounds 4-thujene, α-thujenal, and (-)-4-terpineolwhile. In the ethanol extract were α-farnesene, n-tetradecane, hexadecanoic acid, oblivon c, and lilac aldehyde	DPPH and ABTS assay	Ethanol extract showed stronger antioxidant activities than the essential oil	[18]
Antimicrobial activities	Essential oil obtained by steam distillation, CO2 by supercritical carbon dioxide	The main compounds EO palustrol, myrcene, and ledol. In scCO2 extract, the major components palustrol and ledol, and myrcene absent	Using modified agar well diffusion methods against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, C. albicans, A. niger, C. cladosporioides, and P. venetum	All the EOs and scCO2 extracts showed a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities against the selected microbes	[19]
Antibacterial activity	Essential oil was isolated by subcritical fluid extraction technology with butane as a solvent	The main constituents α-thujenal, bicyclocompounds, β-phellandrene, benzene,1-methyl-3-(1-methylethyl, propanal,2-methyl-3-phenyl, and β-terpineol	Using the modified disc method	Extract expressed good antibacterial activity against the marine pathogen V. parahaemolyticus	[20]
Insecticidal activity on mosquitoes, moths, and flies	Essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation	The main constituents p-cymene, isoascaridole, and cis-ascaridole	Culex quinquefasciatus larvae, M. domestica adults, S. littoralis early 3rd instar larvae. Toxicity on the nontarget aquatic microcrustacean Daphnia magna and soil organisms Eisenia fetida. Toxicity keratinocytes cell line (HaCaT), primary human fibroblast cell line (NHF A12), and MTT assay	Essential oil showed significant mortality on the larvae of C. quinquefasciatus and S. littoralis and adults of M. domestica, with little or no impact on beneficial organisms such as aquatic microcrustacean and earthworms and moderate toxicity on human fibroblasts and keratinocytes	[21]
Mosquito repellent	Volatile compounds were collected by solid phase microextraction, essential oil was obtained by steam distillation, extracts were extracted with hexane, ethyl acetate, or methanol	The volatile fraction of an ethyl acetate extract has the major compounds p-cymene, terpinyl acetate, sabinene, p-pinene, bornyl acetate, α pinene, β-phellandrene, camphene, Z-ocimene, and γ-terpinene	Repellency bioassays were carried out using cages made of mosquito netting and field experiment	Ethyl acetate extracts significantly reduced the probing activity of Aedes aegypti (L.) and reduced biting by mosquitoes	[22]
Repellency activity	Oil, 10%, diluted in acetone	Compounds of essential oil	A repellency bioassay on I. ricinus nymphs	Exhibited 95% repellency	[23]
Antihyperuricmic	Mother tincture Ledum palustre L., potency 30c and 1M	Homeopathy	Potassium oxonate induced rat model	The present study indicated marked hypouricemic effects; however, clear conclusion of hypouricemic potential of Ledum palustre required replication of experiment	[24]
Antihyperuricmic	Mother tincture Ledum palustre L.	Homeopathy	Randomized single-blind experimental design was applied to the study (200 humans). For analysis of uric acid in blood samples, the enzymatic method was selected	The value of reduction in serum uric acid in males was 4.3 ± 0.3, in females was 4.6 ± 0.4	[25]