Akt	protein kinase B
ALP	alkaline phosphatase
AMPK	adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase
BAP	bone-specific alkaline phosphatase
BC	breast cancer
BMP	bone morphogenic protein
BMD	bone mineral density
COX	cyclooxygenase
CNP	C-type natriuretic peptide
CRC	colorectal cancer
CRP	C reactive protein
CXCL	CXC motif ligand
DKK	Dickkopf-related protein
ECM	extracellular matrix
EMT	epithelial–mesenchymal transition
ERK	extracellular signal-regulated kinase
Fas	apoptosis antigen 1
FGF	fibroblast growth factor
HER	human epidermal growth factor receptor
HGF	hepatocyte growth factor
HIF-1α	hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha
ICAM-1	intercellular adhesion molecule 1
IFN	interferon
IGF	insulin-like growth factor
IkBα	inhibitor nuclear factor of kappa B α
IKKα or IKKβ	inhibitor of kappa B kinase
IL	interleukin
IRF	interferon regulatory factor
JAK	Janus kinase
JNK	c-Jun N-terminal kinase
Ki67	Kiel antigen 67
KPNA2	Karyopherin α-2
LC3	microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3
MAPK	mitogen-activated protein kinase
M-CSF	macrophage colony-stimulating factor
MDM2	mouse double minute 2 homolog
MDR1	multidrug resistance protein 1
MEK	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase
MMP	matrix metalloproteinase
MRP	multidrug resistance-linked protein
MSC	mesenchymal stem cell
mTOR	mammalian target of rapamycin
NF-κB	nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
NFAT	nuclear factor of activated T-cells
NSAID	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
OCN	osteocalcin
OP	osteoporosis
OPG	osteoprotegerin
Osx	Osterix
OVX	ovariectomized
PARP	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase
P2Y	purinoceptor 2
PCNA	proliferating cell nuclear antigen
PDGF	platelet-derived growth factor
PI3K	phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
PTHrP	parathyroid hormone-related protein
RANK	receptor activator of nuclear factor (NF)-kB
RANKL	receptor activator of nuclear factor (NF)-kB ligand (RANKL)
Ras	rat sarcoma
RASSF	Ras-associated domain family
Runx2	Runt-related transcription factor 2
Sirt-1	silent information regulator sirtuin 1
sgp130	soluble glycoprotein 130
SHP2	Src homology-2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-2
SOX9	SRY-related homeobox gene 9
SHGB	sex steroid hormone-binding globulin
STAT	signal transducer and activator protein
TGF	transforming growth factor
TME	tumor microenvironment
TNF	tumor necrosis factor
TRAP	tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase
VCAM	vascular cell adhesion molecule
VDR	vitamin D 3 receptor
VEGF	vascular endothelial growth factor
Wnt	Wingless
Zeb-1	Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 1