Table 1.

Quality assessment of studies based on the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale*

Studies	Selection				Comparability Controlling for confounding factors	Outcome		Total
	Representative samples	Justice of sample size	Satisfactory response rate	Validated tool for exposure measurement		Outcome assessment	Appropriate statistical test
Kant et al. (2005)[17]	☆	☆	☆	☆	☆☆	☆☆	☆	9
Drewnowski et al. (2009)[18]	☆	☆	-	☆	☆☆	☆	☆	7
Shah et al. (2010)[10]	-	☆	☆	☆	☆	☆☆	☆	7
Tardivo et al. (2010)[19]	-	☆	☆	☆	-	☆☆	☆	6
Belin et al. (2011)[20]	☆	☆	☆	☆	-	☆	☆	7
Nicklas et al. (2012)[21]	☆	☆	-	☆	☆☆	☆☆	☆	8
Asghari et al. (2013)[22]	-	☆	-	☆	☆☆	☆☆	☆	7
Haghighatdoost et al. (2013)[9]	☆	☆	☆	☆☆	☆	☆☆	☆	9
De Almeida Ventura et al. (2014)[23]	-	☆	☆	☆	-	☆☆	☆	6
Saraf-Bank et al. (2017)[11]	☆	☆	-	☆☆	☆☆	☆	☆	8
Rashidipour-Fard et al. (2017)[24]	-	☆	-	☆☆	☆	☆☆	☆	7
AlEssa et al. (2017)[25]	☆	☆	-	☆☆	☆☆	☆	☆	8
Lavigne-Robichaud et al. (2018)[26]	☆	☆	☆	☆	☆	☆	☆	7
Fallaize et al. (2018)[27]	☆	☆	-	☆☆	☆	☆	☆	7
Whitton et al. (2018)[28]	☆	☆	☆	☆☆	☆☆	☆☆	☆	10
Khakpouri et al. (2019)[29]	☆	☆	☆	☆☆	-	☆☆	☆	8
Landry et al. (2019)[30]	-	☆	-	☆	☆	☆☆	☆	6

*The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale included three sections: selection (representative samples: 0–1 star, justice of sample size: 0–1 star, satisfactory response rate: 0–1 star, validated tool for exposure measurement: 0–2 stars); comparability (controlling for confounding factors: 0–2 stars); outcome (appropriate statistical test: 0–1 star, outcome assessment: 0–2 star)