| Shuai, 202147
|
HAp |
PLLA, or PGA |
10% |
3D printing (SLS) |
HAp/PLLA/PGA scaffolds displayed tunable degradation and mechanical properties. |
| Xu, 201748
|
HAp or β-TCP |
PLGA |
50% |
SCPL |
HAp/PLGA scaffolds exhibited higher strength and faster degradation; TCP/PLGA scaffolds improved bone regeneration in a rabbit model. |
| Cheng, 202149
|
β-TCP (with cucurbitacin B) |
PLGA |
25% |
3D printing (low temperature rapid prototyping) |
TCP/PLGA/Cur-B scaffolds increased bone regeneration and angiogenesis in a rat model. |
| Nyberg, 201750
|
HAp, β-TCP, DBM, or BO |
PCL |
30% |
3D printing (extrusion) |
DBM/PCL and BO/PCL scaffolds exhibited greater osteoinduction; PCL/HAp displayed higher compressive modulus. |
| Shuai, 202251
|
PDLA-grafted HAp (g-HAp) |
PDLA |
0.5, 1, 2 or 4% |
3D printing (SLS) |
g-HAp/PDLA scaffolds exhibited increased modulus and strength. |
| Sultan, 202252
|
45S5-BG |
PLA |
5% |
TIPS and 3D printing (extrusion) |
45S5-BG/PLA scaffolds exhibited increased strength. |
| Nitschke, 202353
|
45S5-BG |
PCL, PLLA |
2.5 to 30% |
Modified SCPL |
45S5-BG/SMP scaffolds exhibited faster degradation, and retained shape memory behavior. |
| Distler, 202054
|
45S5-BG |
PLA |
1–10 wt% |
FDM |
45S5-BG/PLA scaffolds exhibited decreased strength with increased BG wt%; triggered cellular osteogenesis. |
| Monfared, 202255
|
45S5-BG and β-TCP |
Gelatin, and PVA |
35–40% (equal parts each) |
3D printing (extrusion) |
45S5-BG/TCP/Gelatin/PVA scaffolds exhibited increased compressive strength and faster degradation. |
| Han, 202356
|
BBG |
PCL |
5–40% |
3D printing (SLS) |
BBG/PCL scaffolds with 20 wt% BGG exhibited optimal mechanical properties, and promoting regeneration & integration in a rabbit model. |
| Hatton, 201957
|
ICIE16M-BG |
Alginate |
50% |
Freeze-drying |
ICI16M-BG/alginate scaffolds exhibited increased strength. |
| Du, 201958
|
MBG |
SF, or PCL |
80% |
3D printing (extrusion) |
MBG/SF exhibited superior compressive strength, and greater heterotopic bone formation in a mouse model. |
| Qi, 201759
|
MBG and calcium sulfate |
PCL |
70% |
3D printing (extrusion) |
MBG/CS scaffolds exhibited superior osteogenesis of cultured human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) and greater bone formation in a rat model. |
| Carrow, 201960
|
LAPONITE® |
PEOT/PBT |
5, 10, or 15% |
3D printing (extrusion) |
LAPONITE®/PEOT/PBT scaffolds exhibited decreased degradation rates versus copolymer-only scaffolds, as well as increased osteogenesis of hMSCs. |
| Wu, 202161
|
Eggshell microparticles (ESP) |
Gel–MA |
ESP combined with 5% prepolymer solution |
Casting/UV cure |
ESP/Gel–MA scaffolds exhibited superior osteogenesis of cultured MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts versus Gel–MA-only scaffold, and greater bone formation in a rat model. |
| Huang, 202062
|
MWCNTs &/or nHAp |
PCL |
0.75% MWCNT & 20% nHAp |
3D printing (screw assisted extrusion) |
PCL/MWCNT/nHAp scaffolds exhibited increased modulus versus PCL-only scaffolds, and greater osteogensis of cultured hADSCs. |
