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Vascular aging and impact of female-specific factors. Women are exposed to a variety of risk factors that affect their vascular health across the lifespan (far right) and that contribute to vascular aging. Structural and functional changes (far left) mediate observable changes in the characteristics of the aorta and the large central arteries (centre). E, estradiol; FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus.
