Table 2.
Comparative ecological analysis of Clonorchis sinensis and Opisthorchis viverrini infections of environmental, climatic, and socio-economic variables
| Variables | Liver fluke | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| C. sinensis (N = 84) | O. viverrini (N = 721) | ||
| Elevation* | 35.44 (3.12, 177.00) | 160.00 (108.13, 238.37) | < 0.001 |
| Slope* | 0.73 (0.14, 4.80) | 0.62 (0.32, 1.68) | 0.593 |
| Land cover* | 12.00 (9.00, 12.00) | 12.00 (8.00, 12.00) | 0.003 |
| NDVI* | 0.46 (0.37, 0.65) | 0.53 (0.42, 0.70) | 0.003 |
| HII | 29.50 ± 9.36 | 22.00 ± 7.61 | < 0.001 |
| HFP | 45.98 ± 14.57 | 33.77 ± 11.58 | < 0.001 |
| Water distance* | 1033.20 (168.53, 5872.07) | 3925.45 (544.82, 8706.90) | 0.002 |
| Bio1 | 22.35 ± 1.70 | 26.06 ± 1.78 | < 0.001 |
| Bio2 | 6.67 ± 0.83 | 9.78 ± 1.30 | < 0.001 |
| Bio3 | 32.46 ± 2.26 | 55.21 ± 3.77 | < 0.001 |
| Bio4 | 522.83 ± 85.88 | 215.00 ± 53.04 | < 0.001 |
| Bio5 | 31.90 ± 1.10 | 34.19 ± 2.28 | < 0.001 |
| Bio6 | 11.28 ± 3.22 | 16.39 ± 2.65 | < 0.001 |
| Bio7 | 20.62 ± 2.93 | 17.80 ± 2.67 | < 0.001 |
| Bio8 | 27.27 ± 1.73 | 26.97 ± 1.33 | 0.052 |
| Bio9 | 16.20 ± 2.12 | 23.36 ± 2.40 | < 0.001 |
| Bio10 | 28.14 ± 1.14 | 28.34 ± 1.61 | 0.269 |
| Bio11 | 15.48 ± 2.71 | 23.07 ± 2.31 | < 0.001 |
| Bio12 | 1684.77 ± 150.96 | 1566.70 ± 470.23 | 0.022 |
| Bio13 | 338.17 ± 51.37 | 332.66 ± 131.55 | 0.704 |
| Bio14 | 26.02 ± 9.87 | 4.40 ± 5.27 | < 0.001 |
| Bio15 | 80.11 ± 8.22 | 89.44 ± 9.70 | < 0.001 |
| Bio16 | 899.33 ± 111.56 | 858.59 ± 335.65 | 0.27 |
| Bio17* | 95.83 (78.34, 112.29) | 20.50 (17.91, 27.72) | < 0.001 |
| Bio18* | 772.30 (736.63, 820.49) | 367.71 (289.75, 534.85) | < 0.001 |
| Bio19 | 105.08 ± 38.85 | 49.31 ± 55.53 | < 0.001 |
Continuous data are presented as mean ± standard deviation; *represents the median (interquartile range, IQR with Q1,Q3); Elevation, Height above sea level, in meters (m); Slope, Steepness or incline of land, in degrees (°); NDVI, normalized difference vegetation index; Land cover, Type of land cover, categorized; HII, human influence index; HFP, human footprint index; Water distance, Distance to nearest water body, in meters (m); BIO1, annual mean temperature (°C); BIO2, mean diurnal temperature range (°C); BIO3, temperature annual range (% of mean); BIO4, temperature seasonality (standard deviation); BIO5, maximum temperature of the warmest month (°C); BIO6, minimum temperature of the coldest month (°C); BIO7, annual temperature range (°C); BIO8, mean temperature of the wettest quarter (°C); BIO9, mean temperature of the driest quarter (°C); BIO10, mean temperature of the warmest quarter (°C); BIO11, mean temperature of the coldest quarter (°C); BIO12, annual precipitation (mm); BIO13, precipitation of the wettest month (mm); BIO14, precipitation of the driest month (mm); BIO15, precipitation seasonality (coefficient of variation); BIO16, precipitation of the wettest quarter (mm); BIO17, precipitation of the driest quarter (mm); BIO18, precipitation of the warmest quarter (mm); BIO19, precipitation of the coldest quarter (mm)