Table 2.
Dietary intake of study participants across tertiles of LLDS
| Variables | Tertiles of LLDS | P value | P value * | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 | T2 | T3 | |||
| Food groups | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | ||
| Positive food groups | |||||
| Vegetables (g/d) | 357.31 ± 256.94 | 424.34 ± 256.34 | 572.62 ± 254.26 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Fruits (g/d) | 504.46 ± 332.35 | 567.62 ± 365.52 | 668.98 ± 425.40 | 0.03 | 0.001 |
| Legume and nuts (g/d) | 51.06 ± 30.16 | 61.53 ± 46.22 | 87.12 ± 53.87 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Whole grain | 450.27 ± 202.69 | 388.78 ± 155.21 | 467.14 ± 306.79 | 0.08 | 0.29 |
| Fish | 9.37 ± 11.85 | 9.71 ± 7.77 | 17.30 ± 14.48 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Coffee | 10.21 ± 26.19 | 22.44 ± 48.35 | 39.35 ± 71.45 | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Tea | 764.44 ± 595.17 | 620.52 ± 476.88 | 805.71 ± 548.39 | 0.09 | 0.20 |
| Unsweetened dairy | 270.81 ± 232.52 | 333.90 ± 215.08 | 442.59 ± 264.84 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Oils and soft margarines | 12.54 ± 13.44 | 17.90 ± 15.91 | 20.22 ± 17.47 | 0.01 | 0.009 |
| Negative food groups | |||||
| Red and processed meat | 37.59 ± 24.84 | 28.25 ± 26.01 | 25.62 ± 19.55 | 0.008 | 0.01 |
| Sugar-sweetened beverages | 41.47 ± 48.41 | 29.10 ± 78.30 | 9.68 ± 15.36 | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Butter and hard margarines | 25.10 ± 26.43 | 7.99 ± 12.66 | 3.70 ± 7.81 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Macronutrients | |||||
| Energy (kcal) | 2725.86 ± 813.05 | 2497.91 ± 762.85 | 2674.12 ± 663.23 | 0.14 | - |
| Carbohydrates (g/d) | 374.39 ± 125.36 | 359.81 ± 119.95 | 394.51 ± 122.16 | 0.25 | 0.001 |
| Total Fat (g/d) | 105.34 ± 36.44 | 88.64 ± 32.95 | 88.50 ± 22.46 | 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Protein (g/d) | 87.15 ± 31.60 | 84.78 ± 25.82 | 98.08 ± 23.73 | 0.01 | < 0.001 |
SD: Standard Deviation; T: tertile
P value: ANOVA test was used
P value*: ANCOVA was performed to adjusted potential confounding factors (energy intake)
Values are represented as means ± SD
P-values < 0.05 were considered as significant