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. 2024 Mar 13;22:112. doi: 10.1186/s12916-024-03322-1

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 5 — Lollipop plot summarising the reporting frequency of the reporting items to determine gaps and improvements in reporting and evaluating the transitivity assumption among systematic reviews published before and after the PRISMA-NMA statement. Percentage frequency below 25% is very low, equal or above 25% but below 50 is low, equal or above 50% but below 75% is moderate, and at least 75% is high. The percentage of direct and indirect methods for transitivity has been calculated using the subset of systematic reviews that reported at least one direct or indirect method. The percentage of transitivity definition at the protocol level has been calculated using the subset of systematic reviews that made a protocol available