Table 3.

Basic characteristics of included patients

Case load	Age /Gender	Symptom	Past medical history and associated risk factors	Diagnosis	Imaging performance	Limit/extensive	Delay diagnosis or not	Therapy	Outcome	The year of publication
1 [4]	44/female	Hemoptysis Cough Blood in sputum Weight loss Anorexia	None	BALF culture	Hollow lesion in the left upper lobe, Bronchiectasia	Limit	Yes, Anti-TB Antibiotic treatment	Voriconazole → Surgery→ Voriconazole	Cure	2020
2 [5]	73/female	None	None	BALF and TBLB sample culture	Single bossing	Limit	No	Surgery	Cure	2018
3 [6]	72/male	Fever Hemoptysis	TB at the age of 30 years	Sputum culture	Hollow lesion pulmonary infiltration, Air crescent sign	Extensive	Yes, Misdiagnosed as aspergillus infection	Miconazole	Not mention	2005
4 [7]	24 /male	Chronic cough Expectoration Intermittent Hemoptysis	Tooth decay recurrent oral abscesses	Lung biopsy culture	Hollow lesion typical of a fungal ball	Limit	Yes, Antibiotic treatment	Itraconazole →Surgery	Not mention	2005
5 [8]	47 /male	Hemoptysis Cough Expectoration Dyspnea	TB for 6 years	Sputum culture	Fungal bulb, Bilateral uneven infiltrating foci	Limit	No	Itraconazole →Surgery	Cure	2014
6 [9]	59 /female	Fever	None	BALF culture and DNA sequence	Infiltrates and nodular lesions on both sides of the lungs	Extensive	Yes, Misdiagnosed as aspergillus infection, treated with micafengin, in parallel with empiric antimicrobial therapy	Voriconazole, Liposomal Amphotericin	Improve	2011
7 [10]	26 /male	Cough Expectoration Fever Spontaneous Pneumothora Fungal empyema	S. apiospermum infection	BALF culture	Bronchiectasia Multiple cavities with nodules Enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes	Extensive	No	Posaconazole →Surgery→ Posaconazole	Cure	2011
8 [11]	40/male	Cough Hemoptysis	TB for 15 years	Postoperative specimens culture	Typical fungal balls Air crescent sign	Extensive	Yes, Misdiagnosed as TB and Aspergillus infection	Voriconazole	Cure	2016
9 [12]	51/female	Dry cough Night sweats	None	BALF culture	Hollow lesion Airway dilation	Limit	Yes, considered as contaminant	Voriconazole → Surgery	Cure	2017
10 [13]	83/female	Cough Blood in sputum Fatigue Dyspnea	Bronchiectasia COPD Chronic atrial fibrillation	BALF culture	Bronchiectasia Tree bud sign	Limit	No	Voriconazole	Cure	2021
11 [14]	72/female	Hemoptysis Fever Polypnea	Pulmonary arterial hypertension	Boold culture	Both lungs are scattered in blurred patches	Extensive	No	Voriconazole and Amphotericin B →Terbinafine	Cure	2020
12 [15]	67/male	Hemoptysis Fever	Non-tuberculous Mycobacte for 15 years	BALF culture	Fungal sphere cavular lesions	Limit	No	Voriconazole	Cure	2021
13 [16]	67/male	Cough Hemoptysis Dyspnea	Bronchiectasia TB	BALF culture	Hollow lesions Bronchiectasia Tree bud sign	Extensive	Yes, Antibacterial therapy	Itraconazole Voriconazole	Cure	2015
14 [17]	71/male	Fever Cough Expectoration	TB Hypertension	BALF culture and lung tissue biopsy smear	Hollow lesions Fungal sphere-like shadows	limit	Yes, Misdiagnosed as Aspergillus	Voriconazole	Cure	2011
15 [18]	74/female	None	Mycobacterium tuberculosis avium infection	BALF culture	Bronchiectasia, Cavity, Nodules	Extensive	No	Voriconazole	Cure	2020
16 [19]	54/female	Fever Dry cough Dyspnoea Weight loss	TB	Sputum culture	Left lower lung infiltration and diffuse small nodular infiltration in the right lung	Extensive	No	Miconazole nitrate Ketoconazole	Cure	1997
17 [20]	68/male	Cough Purulent sputum Hemoptysis Night sweats Fever Dyspnea Weight loss Fatigue Anorexia	TB 40 years before	Sputum culture	A thick walled cavity with necrosis	Extensive	No	Voriconazole →Surgery	Death	2007
18 [21]	36/female	Chest pain Fever Cough Purulent sputum Dyspnea	DM	Postoperative tissue culture	A nodular mass with meniscus sign in the right lower lobe with undefined border	Limit	No	Surgery	Cure	2004
19 [22]	57/female	Right-side chest pain Hemoptysis	TB	Postoperative tissue culture	Partial fibroatelectasic retraction of the left upper lobe and a thin-walled cavity	Limit	No	Surgery	Cure	2004
20 [22]	61/female	Cough Hemoptysis	TB	Sputum culture and BLAF culture	Numerous cavities with indwelling fungal balls Bronchiectasis	Extensive	No	Voriconazole and Bronchial artery embolism	Cure	2011
21 [23]	55/male	none	History of bladder cancer	Post-operative tissue culture	Air crescent sign	Limit	No	Surgery	Cure	2002
22 [24]	17/male	Hemoptysis Respiratory failure	Pulmonary cystic fibrosis	BALF Gene sequencing	Severe spongous lung destruction	Extensive	Yes, Delayed treatment	Venous Voriconazole and Liposomal Amphotericin B→nebulidized Voriconazole and intravenous Voriconazole	Cure	2014
23 [25]	37/male	Cough Expectoration	Pulmonary cystic fibrosis Bronchiectasia	Sputum culture	Bronchiectasis Air crescent sign Hollow lesions	Extensive	No	Intravenous Voriconazole → nebulidized Voriconazole and Amphotericin B	Death	2010
24 [26]	7/female	Fever Dyspnea Cough	Pulmonary cystic fibrosis	BALF culture and sputum culture	Multiple bronchiectasis and bronchial thickening	Extensive	No	Amphotericin B Itraconazole	Cure	2006
25 [27]	12/male	Dry cough Dyspnea	Pulmonary cystic fibrosis	BALF culture	Peribronchial thickening in lower lobes	Limit	No	Voriconazole → nebulidized dornase Alfa and 7% hypertonic saline	Improve	2015