. 2023 Oct 20;6(2Part B):442–453. doi: 10.1016/j.cjco.2023.10.012

Table 1.

Effect estimates of psychological status on incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) in men

Negative psychological status	Risk ratio on incident CVD
Depression	1.30 (1.22–1.40)⁶⁴
Anxiety	1.41 (1.23–1.61)⁶⁵
Posttraumatic stress disorder	1.61 (1.46–1.77)⁶⁶
Work-related stress	1.40 (1.20–1.80)⁶⁷
Any-cause stress	1.27 (1.12–1.45)⁶⁸
Social isolation and loneliness	1.50 (1.20–1.90)⁶⁹