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. 2024 Mar 13;15:72. doi: 10.1186/s13287-024-03688-2

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Proposed GMP manufacturing platform for MSC-EV production. A Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) isolated from bone marrow (BM) should be characterized and qualified before B making a master cell bank (MCB), C followed by an expansion to generate multiple working cell banks (WCB). D Early expansion in flasks (Passage P0–P1) is followed by E expansion in a closed system bioreactor (P2) in serum free media. F EVs may be isolated directly with differential ultracentrifugation steps or concentrated beforehand using tangential flow filtration (TFF). G Resuspension of the EV pellet followed by sterile filtration (0.22 u) possibly with endotoxin removing capability. H The final EV testing and monitored storage with a consistent quality control (QC) strategy is needed to fulfill regulatory requirements for product release for I in vivo or ex vivo clinical testing. Created with Biorender.com